CHAPTER 48 NEURONS, SYNAPSES, AND SIGNALING Learning
... 17. Distinguish between an electrical synapse and a chemical synapse. 18. Describe the structures of a chemical synapse and the events that lead to the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. 19. Explain how excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) and inhibitory postsynaptic potentia ...
... 17. Distinguish between an electrical synapse and a chemical synapse. 18. Describe the structures of a chemical synapse and the events that lead to the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. 19. Explain how excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) and inhibitory postsynaptic potentia ...
Transgenic Mice Expressing Green Fluorescent Protein under the
... Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA). In addition, an antisense probe for oxytocin was applied, which was generated by using a DNA fragment corresponding to nucleotides 3060 –3256 of the rat oxytocin DNA (GenBank accession number X12792). Three transgenic mice were used in each dual-la ...
... Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA). In addition, an antisense probe for oxytocin was applied, which was generated by using a DNA fragment corresponding to nucleotides 3060 –3256 of the rat oxytocin DNA (GenBank accession number X12792). Three transgenic mice were used in each dual-la ...
Potassium Currents Responsible for Inward and Outward
... by TEA (25 mM), a blocker of the slow, noninactivating K’ current. Collectively, these results indicate that all three depolarization-activated K’ currents contribute to outward rectification at different times and membrane potentials defined by their voltage dependence of activation and kinetics of ...
... by TEA (25 mM), a blocker of the slow, noninactivating K’ current. Collectively, these results indicate that all three depolarization-activated K’ currents contribute to outward rectification at different times and membrane potentials defined by their voltage dependence of activation and kinetics of ...
Fig. 2 - eNeuro
... used to drive the glass blob to tap the tadpole forehead to simulate its physical head-on clashes with a solid surface. The speed of tap could be adjusted by changing the sinewave frequency to match natural swimming speed (⬃36 mm/s). To exclude the involvement of the cement gland in KO responses, th ...
... used to drive the glass blob to tap the tadpole forehead to simulate its physical head-on clashes with a solid surface. The speed of tap could be adjusted by changing the sinewave frequency to match natural swimming speed (⬃36 mm/s). To exclude the involvement of the cement gland in KO responses, th ...
spinal cord
... 1. Compare and contrast the nervous systems of: hydra, sea star, planarian, nematode, clam, squid, and vertebrate 2. Distinguish between the following pairs of terms: central nervous system, peripheral nervous system; white matter, gray matter; bipolar disorder and major depression 3. List the types ...
... 1. Compare and contrast the nervous systems of: hydra, sea star, planarian, nematode, clam, squid, and vertebrate 2. Distinguish between the following pairs of terms: central nervous system, peripheral nervous system; white matter, gray matter; bipolar disorder and major depression 3. List the types ...
PDF File - Max-Planck
... Figure 1. MARK2 is expressed in the developing brain, and its levels can be effectively reduced in vitro and in vivo. A, B, Bⴕ, In situ hybridization of E14 brain sections shows high expression of MARK2 mRNA in the CP and VZ/SVZ, where NeuN staining is excluded (brown), and lower expression levels i ...
... Figure 1. MARK2 is expressed in the developing brain, and its levels can be effectively reduced in vitro and in vivo. A, B, Bⴕ, In situ hybridization of E14 brain sections shows high expression of MARK2 mRNA in the CP and VZ/SVZ, where NeuN staining is excluded (brown), and lower expression levels i ...
Fluorescent in situ hybridization technique for cell type identification
... neocortex using molecular biological techniques. Specifically, we have been searching for area- and/or layer-specific genes and using them as probes for comparative ISH analyses [37,41]. What we considered critical in these analyses was the identification of cell types, because, if we want to compar ...
... neocortex using molecular biological techniques. Specifically, we have been searching for area- and/or layer-specific genes and using them as probes for comparative ISH analyses [37,41]. What we considered critical in these analyses was the identification of cell types, because, if we want to compar ...
NEUROTRANSMITTER SYSTEMS IN THE VISUAL CORTEX OF
... rows of GAD positive neurons in supragranular layers are preferentially related to each eye (50). The distribution of GABAergic neurons seems to correlate with the "puff" regions of elevated cytochrom oxidase activity also in the striate cortex of the squirrel monkey (19). In the kitten striate cort ...
... rows of GAD positive neurons in supragranular layers are preferentially related to each eye (50). The distribution of GABAergic neurons seems to correlate with the "puff" regions of elevated cytochrom oxidase activity also in the striate cortex of the squirrel monkey (19). In the kitten striate cort ...
The Role of Histamine H1 , H2 and H3 Receptors on Enteric
... platinum electrodes placed around the intestine in the anal compartment, 30 mm from the partition. The distance between the stimulating electrodes and the recording of the circular muscle was 35 mm. To study neural transmission, drugs were applied in the anal compartment. Stable and reproducible con ...
... platinum electrodes placed around the intestine in the anal compartment, 30 mm from the partition. The distance between the stimulating electrodes and the recording of the circular muscle was 35 mm. To study neural transmission, drugs were applied in the anal compartment. Stable and reproducible con ...
Contents
... 50 years. One reason for this is that very few atlases consider cytoarchitecture of the brain in such detail. Furthermore, the subdivision of the brainstem reticular formation, and its associated cell groups, was based on very precise and astute observations after many years of experience in the fie ...
... 50 years. One reason for this is that very few atlases consider cytoarchitecture of the brain in such detail. Furthermore, the subdivision of the brainstem reticular formation, and its associated cell groups, was based on very precise and astute observations after many years of experience in the fie ...
Reflex Activity/Lab
... the motor response is contraction of skeletal muscle, the reflex is called a somatic reflex. If the motor response involves cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or glands, the reflex is called an autonomic (visceral) reflex. Reflexes mediated by spinal nerves are called spinal reflexes, whereas reflexes m ...
... the motor response is contraction of skeletal muscle, the reflex is called a somatic reflex. If the motor response involves cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or glands, the reflex is called an autonomic (visceral) reflex. Reflexes mediated by spinal nerves are called spinal reflexes, whereas reflexes m ...
Spike Train SIMilarity Space (SSIMS): A Framework for Single
... low-dimensional versions of a given data set. Minimizing the difference between the two sets of conditional probabilities preserves the local neighborhood structure in the low-dimensional mapping. In order to reduce computational complexity, we perform a preliminary round of dimensionality reduction ...
... low-dimensional versions of a given data set. Minimizing the difference between the two sets of conditional probabilities preserves the local neighborhood structure in the low-dimensional mapping. In order to reduce computational complexity, we perform a preliminary round of dimensionality reduction ...
Full-Text PDF
... mechanosensory organs, which all provide feedback on wingbeats during flight. For example, during locust flight, the inputs from stretch receptors on the base of the wings induce excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) on the elevator muscle and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) on the d ...
... mechanosensory organs, which all provide feedback on wingbeats during flight. For example, during locust flight, the inputs from stretch receptors on the base of the wings induce excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) on the elevator muscle and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) on the d ...
Functional imaging of human auditory cortex
... Many ACFs are organized tonotopically, that is, with a frequency representation mapped onto the cortical surface. In particular, the core fields at the center of auditory cortex have a mirror-symmetric tonotopic organization. Primary auditory cortex (A1) has a high-to-low frequency representation th ...
... Many ACFs are organized tonotopically, that is, with a frequency representation mapped onto the cortical surface. In particular, the core fields at the center of auditory cortex have a mirror-symmetric tonotopic organization. Primary auditory cortex (A1) has a high-to-low frequency representation th ...
Auditory Nerve Stochasticity Impedes Category Learning: the Role
... Fig 2. Schematic representation of twelve transforms of two synthesised vowels (/a/ blue, /i:/ - red) projected onto the two-dimensional plane defined by the first two formants of the vowels. Each transform was generated by randomly sampling three formant frequencies from a uniform 200 Hz distributi ...
... Fig 2. Schematic representation of twelve transforms of two synthesised vowels (/a/ blue, /i:/ - red) projected onto the two-dimensional plane defined by the first two formants of the vowels. Each transform was generated by randomly sampling three formant frequencies from a uniform 200 Hz distributi ...
Are there three subdivisions in the primate subthalamic nucleus? Max C. Keuken
... is still the golden standard in anatomy (Amunts et al., 2007) and seems to be more sensitive than cytochemical stainings in detecting different borders generally (Uylings et al., 2010; van de Werd et al., 2010). From the initial group of 43 studies, we focused on a subset of 33 studies that explicit ...
... is still the golden standard in anatomy (Amunts et al., 2007) and seems to be more sensitive than cytochemical stainings in detecting different borders generally (Uylings et al., 2010; van de Werd et al., 2010). From the initial group of 43 studies, we focused on a subset of 33 studies that explicit ...
Adaptive neural coding: from biological to behavioral decision
... rewards associated with specific target alternatives [34]. Despite a constant reward associated with a saccade to the neural RF, LIP activity is nevertheless suppressed by the value of extra-RF target alternatives (Figure 2a). Coupled with excitation in response to RF alternative value, this suppre ...
... rewards associated with specific target alternatives [34]. Despite a constant reward associated with a saccade to the neural RF, LIP activity is nevertheless suppressed by the value of extra-RF target alternatives (Figure 2a). Coupled with excitation in response to RF alternative value, this suppre ...
REVIEW
... The GnRH-containing neurons of the nervus terminalis have the potential to alter olfaction. The nervus terminalis may secrete GnRH into the chemosensory mucosa to control the detection of various odors that are relevant to the species for reproductive purposes. The neurons that release GnRH from the ...
... The GnRH-containing neurons of the nervus terminalis have the potential to alter olfaction. The nervus terminalis may secrete GnRH into the chemosensory mucosa to control the detection of various odors that are relevant to the species for reproductive purposes. The neurons that release GnRH from the ...
Learning-related postburst afterhyperpolarization reduction in CA1
... Transgenic mice with a constitutively active form of CREB have recently been shown to have CA1 pyramidal neurons with significantly reduced AHPs (28). Interestingly, EBC is also significantly impaired by disruption of the cAMP/PKA pathway in the cerebellum (29), a structure known to be critically in ...
... Transgenic mice with a constitutively active form of CREB have recently been shown to have CA1 pyramidal neurons with significantly reduced AHPs (28). Interestingly, EBC is also significantly impaired by disruption of the cAMP/PKA pathway in the cerebellum (29), a structure known to be critically in ...
Somatosensory System Organization and Texture Sensation in Rats
... 21.6C). Beyond the special case of whiskers, it is common to refer to a brain representation as a “map” whenever the spatial relationship among sensory receptors is conserved in the central representation of the sense organ. A historical note on the discovery of cortical somatosensory maps is given ...
... 21.6C). Beyond the special case of whiskers, it is common to refer to a brain representation as a “map” whenever the spatial relationship among sensory receptors is conserved in the central representation of the sense organ. A historical note on the discovery of cortical somatosensory maps is given ...
T2 - Center for Neural Basis of Cognition
... Corollary discharge has an impact far back into the system. Remapping implies widespread connectivity in which many neurons have rapid access to information well beyond the classical receptive field. Vision is an active process of building representations. ...
... Corollary discharge has an impact far back into the system. Remapping implies widespread connectivity in which many neurons have rapid access to information well beyond the classical receptive field. Vision is an active process of building representations. ...
Neural processes underlying conscious perception
... frontal and cingulate cortex, that appear to be specifically involved in conscious perception. Some studies also highlight the fact that, contrary to sensory areas, these fronto-parietal sites seem to be involved in conscious perception regardless of the nature of the stimulus that is consciously per ...
... frontal and cingulate cortex, that appear to be specifically involved in conscious perception. Some studies also highlight the fact that, contrary to sensory areas, these fronto-parietal sites seem to be involved in conscious perception regardless of the nature of the stimulus that is consciously per ...
An Intracranial EEG Study of the Neural Dynamics of Musical
... In the auditory domain, the effects on a listener of so called consonant and dissonant musical chords are fairly consistent: in contrast to the former, which tend to be considered pleasant, the latter generally evoke a negatively valenced emotion—a feeling of unpleasantness (Plomp and Levelt 1965; W ...
... In the auditory domain, the effects on a listener of so called consonant and dissonant musical chords are fairly consistent: in contrast to the former, which tend to be considered pleasant, the latter generally evoke a negatively valenced emotion—a feeling of unpleasantness (Plomp and Levelt 1965; W ...
Temporal modulation of the dynamics of neuronal networks with
... the chance to thank them all, and to acknowledge the whole system by which my education could take place. I would also like to thank the people who have encouraged me to work in research. In particular, I acknowledge the researchers who hosted a very young, very inexperienced and very useless rst-y ...
... the chance to thank them all, and to acknowledge the whole system by which my education could take place. I would also like to thank the people who have encouraged me to work in research. In particular, I acknowledge the researchers who hosted a very young, very inexperienced and very useless rst-y ...
Disentanglement of local field potential sources by independent
... standard analysis techniques, e.g., spectral decomposition or current source density (CSD) analysis of raw LFPs can satisfactorily separate and localize different cellular generators of LFPs. More recent approaches based on coherence analysis (Kocsis et al. 1999; Montgomery et al. 2009), principal c ...
... standard analysis techniques, e.g., spectral decomposition or current source density (CSD) analysis of raw LFPs can satisfactorily separate and localize different cellular generators of LFPs. More recent approaches based on coherence analysis (Kocsis et al. 1999; Montgomery et al. 2009), principal c ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.