serotonin
... editing generally involves the conversion of adenosine residues to inosines by the action of a family of adenosine deaminases (13). Such editing events have the potential to alter the genetic code at the level of RNA; the resulting is the formation of multiple protein isoforms with altered function. ...
... editing generally involves the conversion of adenosine residues to inosines by the action of a family of adenosine deaminases (13). Such editing events have the potential to alter the genetic code at the level of RNA; the resulting is the formation of multiple protein isoforms with altered function. ...
Neuronal Replacement and Reconstruction of Damaged Circuitries
... Weiss 1950, Szrkely 1963, 1968, Straznicky 1963). Such grafts establish proper neuromuscular connections and can provide normal coordinated limb movements. In salamanderlarvae, grafts of CNStissue also survive well in the tail fin, relatively isolated fromthe rest of the CNS(Weiss1950). Of particula ...
... Weiss 1950, Szrkely 1963, 1968, Straznicky 1963). Such grafts establish proper neuromuscular connections and can provide normal coordinated limb movements. In salamanderlarvae, grafts of CNStissue also survive well in the tail fin, relatively isolated fromthe rest of the CNS(Weiss1950). Of particula ...
Newsletter Jan 02 - Pediatric Feeding News
... only evaluating and treating the motor part of the swallow while neglecting the sensory portion. That is, we tend to overlook how important it is that the brain receive the appropriate information as to the properties of the bolus so that it may generate an appropriate motor response. If the brain d ...
... only evaluating and treating the motor part of the swallow while neglecting the sensory portion. That is, we tend to overlook how important it is that the brain receive the appropriate information as to the properties of the bolus so that it may generate an appropriate motor response. If the brain d ...
Modulation of Sympathetic and Somatomotor Function by the
... Basbaum et al. 1978; Henry and Calaresu 1974; Holstege and Kuypers 1982), further evidence that VMM cells could control BAT activation. However, neurons throughout VMM also project to the superficial dorsal horn, where thermoreceptors as well as nociceptors terminate. Moreover, electrical stimulatio ...
... Basbaum et al. 1978; Henry and Calaresu 1974; Holstege and Kuypers 1982), further evidence that VMM cells could control BAT activation. However, neurons throughout VMM also project to the superficial dorsal horn, where thermoreceptors as well as nociceptors terminate. Moreover, electrical stimulatio ...
Hikosaka O - lsr
... project to midbrain areas that are involved in the release of dopamine (the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA)) and serotonin (the median raphe nucleus (MRN) and dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN))7. It has recently been shown that LHb efferents are predominantly mediated ...
... project to midbrain areas that are involved in the release of dopamine (the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA)) and serotonin (the median raphe nucleus (MRN) and dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN))7. It has recently been shown that LHb efferents are predominantly mediated ...
The Nervous System
... Junction between the dendrites of one neuron and the axon of a second neuron ...
... Junction between the dendrites of one neuron and the axon of a second neuron ...
ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIVITY OF THE CHAINS
... of the different axons. The number and complexity of central pathways ar‘e best described by saying that, with but few exceptions, at least one pathway can be found connecting any two central neurons in a .manner so that an impulse may be conducted from one to the other neuron in the direction of ax ...
... of the different axons. The number and complexity of central pathways ar‘e best described by saying that, with but few exceptions, at least one pathway can be found connecting any two central neurons in a .manner so that an impulse may be conducted from one to the other neuron in the direction of ax ...
Changes in Monoamine Release in the Ventral Horn and
... (Baker and Anderson, 1972). Therefore, inactivation of monoaminergic system could elicit muscle tone suppression by disfacilitation. On the other hand, active inhibition by GABA and glycine has been shown to decrease both spinal and hypoglossal (XII) motoneuron excitability (Kawai and Sasaki, 1964; ...
... (Baker and Anderson, 1972). Therefore, inactivation of monoaminergic system could elicit muscle tone suppression by disfacilitation. On the other hand, active inhibition by GABA and glycine has been shown to decrease both spinal and hypoglossal (XII) motoneuron excitability (Kawai and Sasaki, 1964; ...
To maintain homeostasis, cells must work together in a co
... positive charges have flowed out of this area on the outside. Thus at this adjacent site the inside is more positive (or less negative), and the outside is less positive (or more negative) than before (● Figure 4-2c). Stated differently, the previously inactive adjacent region has been depolarized, ...
... positive charges have flowed out of this area on the outside. Thus at this adjacent site the inside is more positive (or less negative), and the outside is less positive (or more negative) than before (● Figure 4-2c). Stated differently, the previously inactive adjacent region has been depolarized, ...
extrasynaptic glutamate does not reach the postsynaptic density
... et al. [20], ACPD, selective agonist of certain subtypes of these receptors, inhibited population spike in CA1 (but not in CA3) neurons leaving the EPSC unaffected. The age of the animals is critical for this phenomenology. In the rats younger than P20, ACPD inhibits EPSCs as well. This action is me ...
... et al. [20], ACPD, selective agonist of certain subtypes of these receptors, inhibited population spike in CA1 (but not in CA3) neurons leaving the EPSC unaffected. The age of the animals is critical for this phenomenology. In the rats younger than P20, ACPD inhibits EPSCs as well. This action is me ...
Nat Methods 6:219-224 - University of British Columbia
... Supplementary Methods and Supplementary Fig. 5 online) consistent with the extent of light scattering observed at a depth of 250 mm (Fig. 1c). In comparison, we observed ICMS electrode activation widths of 690 ± 102 mm (n ¼ 3 mice), indicating that LBM activates an area only moderately larger than I ...
... Supplementary Methods and Supplementary Fig. 5 online) consistent with the extent of light scattering observed at a depth of 250 mm (Fig. 1c). In comparison, we observed ICMS electrode activation widths of 690 ± 102 mm (n ¼ 3 mice), indicating that LBM activates an area only moderately larger than I ...
Supplementary Materials ANTICIPATION PHASE Neutral vs. gain
... Neutral vs. gain anticipation To investigate areas of decreased activity during reward anticipation, we also examined the reverse contrast (neutral cues contrasted with gain cues). This yielded predictable activations in areas related to the default mode network (DMN) [40], including bilateral middl ...
... Neutral vs. gain anticipation To investigate areas of decreased activity during reward anticipation, we also examined the reverse contrast (neutral cues contrasted with gain cues). This yielded predictable activations in areas related to the default mode network (DMN) [40], including bilateral middl ...
Spontaneous activity and functional connectivity in the developing
... neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia and autism. Critical to the function of these networks is the cerebellorubral pathway, which connects the cerebellum with one of its primary efferent targets, the red nucleus. For the first time, we characterize sleep- and wake-related * C. Del Rio- ...
... neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia and autism. Critical to the function of these networks is the cerebellorubral pathway, which connects the cerebellum with one of its primary efferent targets, the red nucleus. For the first time, we characterize sleep- and wake-related * C. Del Rio- ...
PDF
... the triceps. This pattern of muscle activity is appropriate for initiating a flexion of the elbow toward the final posture. When the arm was fixed in a fully flexed posture, stimulation evoked a burst of activity in the triceps and not the biceps. This pattern of activity is appropriate for initiati ...
... the triceps. This pattern of muscle activity is appropriate for initiating a flexion of the elbow toward the final posture. When the arm was fixed in a fully flexed posture, stimulation evoked a burst of activity in the triceps and not the biceps. This pattern of activity is appropriate for initiati ...
Deep Sparse Rectifier Neural Networks
... hard saturation at 0 may hurt optimization by blocking gradient back-propagation. To evaluate the potential impact of this effect we also investigate the softplus activation: softplus(x) = log(1+ex ) (Dugas et al., 2001), a smooth version of the rectifying non-linearity. We lose the exact sparsity, ...
... hard saturation at 0 may hurt optimization by blocking gradient back-propagation. To evaluate the potential impact of this effect we also investigate the softplus activation: softplus(x) = log(1+ex ) (Dugas et al., 2001), a smooth version of the rectifying non-linearity. We lose the exact sparsity, ...
Projections of the median raphe nucleus in the rat
... superior colliculus SC, intermediate and superficial layers septofimbrial nucleus septohippocampal nucleus ...
... superior colliculus SC, intermediate and superficial layers septofimbrial nucleus septohippocampal nucleus ...
The dynamics of visual responses in the primary visual cortex
... inhibition and more narrowly tuned excitation. One such theory of orientation tuning in cat cortex (Troyer et al., 1998) explains orientation selectivity in V1 in terms of ‘‘push–pull,’’ that is spatialphase-specific, inhibition (Palmer and Davis, 1981; Ferster, 1988, 1992; Tolhurst and Dean, 1990). ...
... inhibition and more narrowly tuned excitation. One such theory of orientation tuning in cat cortex (Troyer et al., 1998) explains orientation selectivity in V1 in terms of ‘‘push–pull,’’ that is spatialphase-specific, inhibition (Palmer and Davis, 1981; Ferster, 1988, 1992; Tolhurst and Dean, 1990). ...
Review Getting Formal with Dopamine and Reward
... are preceded by phasic stimuli that have been conditioned to predict such rewards (Romo and Schultz, 1990; Ljungberg et al., 1992; Mirenowicz and Schultz, 1994). The loss of response is not due to a developing general insensitivity to rewards, as activations following rewards delivered outside of ta ...
... are preceded by phasic stimuli that have been conditioned to predict such rewards (Romo and Schultz, 1990; Ljungberg et al., 1992; Mirenowicz and Schultz, 1994). The loss of response is not due to a developing general insensitivity to rewards, as activations following rewards delivered outside of ta ...
Neuronal innervation of the exocrine defence glands in stick insects
... Insects use a great variety of primary and secondary defence mechanisms [2–8]. Stick insects (Phasmatodea) are named for their mimetic body shapes, resembling plant elements to avoid detection in the first place. But they are also known for different means of secondary defence, including defence by ...
... Insects use a great variety of primary and secondary defence mechanisms [2–8]. Stick insects (Phasmatodea) are named for their mimetic body shapes, resembling plant elements to avoid detection in the first place. But they are also known for different means of secondary defence, including defence by ...
Emotion and decision-making explained: A prEcis
... involves the combination of many features in a particular spatial relationship (Rolls, 2008; Rolls & Deco, 2002). It may be because there is less sophisticated cortical processing of visual stimuli in this way that other sensory systems are also organized more simply in rodents, with, for example, s ...
... involves the combination of many features in a particular spatial relationship (Rolls, 2008; Rolls & Deco, 2002). It may be because there is less sophisticated cortical processing of visual stimuli in this way that other sensory systems are also organized more simply in rodents, with, for example, s ...
Retinoids and spinal cord development
... by FGF. When tissue fated to form rostral cervical level was cultured with cervical paraxial mesoderm and retinol many Hoxc5 cells were induced. The same result was obtained when this tissue was cultured with RA. The induction by RA was prevented by coincubation with a RAR and RXR antagonist. None o ...
... by FGF. When tissue fated to form rostral cervical level was cultured with cervical paraxial mesoderm and retinol many Hoxc5 cells were induced. The same result was obtained when this tissue was cultured with RA. The induction by RA was prevented by coincubation with a RAR and RXR antagonist. None o ...
The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of
... some other point, the cells might adopt and code for something entirely different that becomes important (Cerf, personal communication, 30 July 2015). Even primary sensory neurons are not coding for single sensory features but for associations between one feature (like the presence or absence of a l ...
... some other point, the cells might adopt and code for something entirely different that becomes important (Cerf, personal communication, 30 July 2015). Even primary sensory neurons are not coding for single sensory features but for associations between one feature (like the presence or absence of a l ...
Inferior Parietal Lobule Function in Spatial Perception and
... Progress has been more difficult in gaining an understanding of the somatosensory functions of this area and the possible role the IPL may play in the integration of somatosensory and visual information. It is becoming clear that an important integration of incoming visual signals and oculomotor sig ...
... Progress has been more difficult in gaining an understanding of the somatosensory functions of this area and the possible role the IPL may play in the integration of somatosensory and visual information. It is becoming clear that an important integration of incoming visual signals and oculomotor sig ...
Different Stimuli, Different Spatial Codes: A Visual Map and an
... between visual and auditory spatial sensitivity are small, but at the population level they are consistent. Figure 5A compares the Gaussian vs. sigmoidal R2s, depending on whether the target was visual or auditory, for all the responsive neurons. For visual targets, the R2 of the Gaussian fits is fr ...
... between visual and auditory spatial sensitivity are small, but at the population level they are consistent. Figure 5A compares the Gaussian vs. sigmoidal R2s, depending on whether the target was visual or auditory, for all the responsive neurons. For visual targets, the R2 of the Gaussian fits is fr ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.