Different Stimuli, Different Spatial Codes: A Visual Map and an
... between visual and auditory spatial sensitivity are small, but at the population level they are consistent. Figure 5A compares the Gaussian vs. sigmoidal R2s, depending on whether the target was visual or auditory, for all the responsive neurons. For visual targets, the R2 of the Gaussian fits is fr ...
... between visual and auditory spatial sensitivity are small, but at the population level they are consistent. Figure 5A compares the Gaussian vs. sigmoidal R2s, depending on whether the target was visual or auditory, for all the responsive neurons. For visual targets, the R2 of the Gaussian fits is fr ...
Frontal Eye Field Neurons Reflect Covert, Serial Shifts of Attention
... visual search we performed a psychophysical experiment in which we varied the number of objects in the visual array from 2 to 4. The behavioral RT to find the target during search increased by 22 ms for every item added to the visual array, suggesting that it took the animals approximately 44 ms to ...
... visual search we performed a psychophysical experiment in which we varied the number of objects in the visual array from 2 to 4. The behavioral RT to find the target during search increased by 22 ms for every item added to the visual array, suggesting that it took the animals approximately 44 ms to ...
Neurons in the macaque orbitofrontal cortex code relative
... and Murray, 2004). These observations suggest that the OFC is processing not only reward information but also aversive information. In this study, we focused on how the OFC codes aversive information as well as reward information at the individual neuron level. One hypothesis is that reward informat ...
... and Murray, 2004). These observations suggest that the OFC is processing not only reward information but also aversive information. In this study, we focused on how the OFC codes aversive information as well as reward information at the individual neuron level. One hypothesis is that reward informat ...
Cable and Compartmental Models of Dendritic Trees
... Synapses are not randomly distributed over the dendritic surface. In general, inhibitory synapses are more proximal than excitatory synapses, although they are also present at distal dendritic regions and, when present, on some spines in conjunction with an excitatory input. In many systems (e.g., p ...
... Synapses are not randomly distributed over the dendritic surface. In general, inhibitory synapses are more proximal than excitatory synapses, although they are also present at distal dendritic regions and, when present, on some spines in conjunction with an excitatory input. In many systems (e.g., p ...
The role of neuronal synchronization in selective attention
... change had occurred. This finding suggests that the processing or the signalling of a sensory change is more efficient when it is handled by an area that is engaged in enhanced gamma-band synchronization [6]. Importantly, the influence of local synchronization of behavioural responses was spatiall ...
... change had occurred. This finding suggests that the processing or the signalling of a sensory change is more efficient when it is handled by an area that is engaged in enhanced gamma-band synchronization [6]. Importantly, the influence of local synchronization of behavioural responses was spatiall ...
Proopiomelanocortin Neurons in Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Are
... integral to the regulation of feeding, such as the hypothalamus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens (Schwartz, 2000; Broberger and Hokfelt, 2001). The medial NTS, in which NTS POMC neurons are concentrated, contains highly fenestrated endothelial cells providing a permeant blood– brain barrier (Gross e ...
... integral to the regulation of feeding, such as the hypothalamus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens (Schwartz, 2000; Broberger and Hokfelt, 2001). The medial NTS, in which NTS POMC neurons are concentrated, contains highly fenestrated endothelial cells providing a permeant blood– brain barrier (Gross e ...
The role of brain in the regulation of glucose homeostasis
... insulin cannot directly regulate HGP through the Akt–Fox01 pathway. In spite of the absence of this pathway, what is rev ealing is that there is no loss of regulation in response to even exogenous insulin, as both HGP and systemic glucose homeostasis are found to be normally controlled in TLKO mice ...
... insulin cannot directly regulate HGP through the Akt–Fox01 pathway. In spite of the absence of this pathway, what is rev ealing is that there is no loss of regulation in response to even exogenous insulin, as both HGP and systemic glucose homeostasis are found to be normally controlled in TLKO mice ...
Saccade-induced activity of dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus X
... saccade was detected if the eye velocity exceeded 50 deg0s. Saccade onset was defined as the time when the velocity reached 10% of the peak velocity during the rising part of the velocity profile. Mean slow-phase eye velocity was calculated from “desaccaded” spontaneous nystagmic eye movements durin ...
... saccade was detected if the eye velocity exceeded 50 deg0s. Saccade onset was defined as the time when the velocity reached 10% of the peak velocity during the rising part of the velocity profile. Mean slow-phase eye velocity was calculated from “desaccaded” spontaneous nystagmic eye movements durin ...
Effects of the Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Antagonist MCPG
... plasticity are also present in the superficial layers of somatosensory and visual neocortex (Kirkwood et al., 1993; CastroAlamancos et al., 1995). In both CA1 and sensory neocortex, high-frequency stimulation can induce NMDA receptordependent LTP, and low-frequency stimulation can induce NMDA recept ...
... plasticity are also present in the superficial layers of somatosensory and visual neocortex (Kirkwood et al., 1993; CastroAlamancos et al., 1995). In both CA1 and sensory neocortex, high-frequency stimulation can induce NMDA receptordependent LTP, and low-frequency stimulation can induce NMDA recept ...
Muscarine Hyperpolarizes a Subpopulation of Neurons by Activating
... include a depolarization resulting from a reduction in a potassium conductance (Brown and Adams, 1980; Madison et al., 1987; Uchimura and North, 1990) and a hyperpolarization as a result of an increasein a potassiumconductance (Egan and North, 1986; McCormick and Prince, 1987; McCormick and Pape, 19 ...
... include a depolarization resulting from a reduction in a potassium conductance (Brown and Adams, 1980; Madison et al., 1987; Uchimura and North, 1990) and a hyperpolarization as a result of an increasein a potassiumconductance (Egan and North, 1986; McCormick and Prince, 1987; McCormick and Pape, 19 ...
Atonia-Related Regions in the Rodent Pons and Medulla
... elicited by electrical stimulation of the nuclei reticularis pontis oralis and caudalis in the pons as well as the nuclei gigantocellularis, gigantocellularis alpha, gigantocellularis ventralis, and paragigantocellularis dorsalis in the medulla of decerebrate rats. This inhibitory effect on muscle t ...
... elicited by electrical stimulation of the nuclei reticularis pontis oralis and caudalis in the pons as well as the nuclei gigantocellularis, gigantocellularis alpha, gigantocellularis ventralis, and paragigantocellularis dorsalis in the medulla of decerebrate rats. This inhibitory effect on muscle t ...
Directional guidance of interneuron migration to the cerebral cortex
... subpallium has been suggested to play a role both in the tangential migration of interneurons to the cortex and olfactory bulb (Hu, 1999; Wu et al., 1999; Zhu et al., 1999), as well as in the radial migration of projection neurons into the developing striatum (Hamasaki et al., 2001). It seems unlike ...
... subpallium has been suggested to play a role both in the tangential migration of interneurons to the cortex and olfactory bulb (Hu, 1999; Wu et al., 1999; Zhu et al., 1999), as well as in the radial migration of projection neurons into the developing striatum (Hamasaki et al., 2001). It seems unlike ...
A multi-level account of selective attention
... Broadbent’s notion that selection must be early, as these basic attributes appeared to be all that was retained from the unattended auditory stream. Not long after Broadbent’s seminal book, Moray (1959) demonstrated that selection was not always implemented by an early filtering mechanism, as he not ...
... Broadbent’s notion that selection must be early, as these basic attributes appeared to be all that was retained from the unattended auditory stream. Not long after Broadbent’s seminal book, Moray (1959) demonstrated that selection was not always implemented by an early filtering mechanism, as he not ...
Feeding Stimulants Activate an Identified Dopaminergic Interneuron
... functionally linked in different combinations and in different temporal patterns. Additional motor plasticity can arise from variability in the rate of rhythmic activity (i.e., cycle period) and in the intensity of action potential bursts (i.e., graded changes in intraburst action potential number a ...
... functionally linked in different combinations and in different temporal patterns. Additional motor plasticity can arise from variability in the rate of rhythmic activity (i.e., cycle period) and in the intensity of action potential bursts (i.e., graded changes in intraburst action potential number a ...
Horvitz, J.C. Stimulus-response and response
... aspects of reward [23,125], but rather that the phasic DA signal conveys information regarding the occurrence of reward and reward-predicting stimuli to striatal target cells. While DA plays an important role in behavioral functions that affect response expression [23,102,125] via DA modulation of r ...
... aspects of reward [23,125], but rather that the phasic DA signal conveys information regarding the occurrence of reward and reward-predicting stimuli to striatal target cells. While DA plays an important role in behavioral functions that affect response expression [23,102,125] via DA modulation of r ...
Basal Ganglia Functional Connectivity Based on
... cortical area that belongs to it. Modifications of this model and further subdivisions of specific loops have been proposed (Fig. 1B) (Lawrence and others 1998; Nakano and others 2000). Other investigators have divided the striatum into 3 functional zones, each of which receives input from different c ...
... cortical area that belongs to it. Modifications of this model and further subdivisions of specific loops have been proposed (Fig. 1B) (Lawrence and others 1998; Nakano and others 2000). Other investigators have divided the striatum into 3 functional zones, each of which receives input from different c ...
Labeled lines meet and talk: population coding of somatic sensations
... by concurrent activation of both cold and warm spots in the skin (thermal grill) can be explained by a blockage of the Aδ-cold fiber input by C-warm fibers, which in turn allows “unmasked” C2 fibers to evoke a burning sensation, as discussed above (Figure 2E). Green and colleagues reported that in s ...
... by concurrent activation of both cold and warm spots in the skin (thermal grill) can be explained by a blockage of the Aδ-cold fiber input by C-warm fibers, which in turn allows “unmasked” C2 fibers to evoke a burning sensation, as discussed above (Figure 2E). Green and colleagues reported that in s ...
Patterns of sensory intermodality relationships in the cerebral cortex
... Patterns of connections underlying cross-modality integration were studied by injecting distinguishable, retrograde tracers (Fluoro-Gold and diamidino yellow) in pairwise manner into different sensory representations (visual, somatosensory, and auditory) in the cerebral cortex of the rat. In agreeme ...
... Patterns of connections underlying cross-modality integration were studied by injecting distinguishable, retrograde tracers (Fluoro-Gold and diamidino yellow) in pairwise manner into different sensory representations (visual, somatosensory, and auditory) in the cerebral cortex of the rat. In agreeme ...
CEREBRAL CORTEX - Global Anatomy Home Page
... So far we have discussed areas of the brain, which had either a specific motor or sensory function. Areas without predominantly sensory or motor functions are referred to as association cortex. Such cortex is found in the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes. Within these association are ...
... So far we have discussed areas of the brain, which had either a specific motor or sensory function. Areas without predominantly sensory or motor functions are referred to as association cortex. Such cortex is found in the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes. Within these association are ...
N.L. Strominger et al. Cerebellum, in Noback`s Human
... excitatory influences; the stellate and basket cells convey inhibitory stimuli. A final element of this mosaic concerns the granule cells. Granule cell output is modulated by excitatory input from extrinsic mossy fibers and unipolar brush cells (mainly in the vestibulocerebellum and vermis) and inhi ...
... excitatory influences; the stellate and basket cells convey inhibitory stimuli. A final element of this mosaic concerns the granule cells. Granule cell output is modulated by excitatory input from extrinsic mossy fibers and unipolar brush cells (mainly in the vestibulocerebellum and vermis) and inhi ...
Sympathetic nervous system and inflammation: A conceptual view
... [pelvic organs], regulation of energy balance and nutrition [including the gastrointestinal tract], regulation of circadian timing of body functions, regulation of body protection [including the immune defense]). We have some knowledge about the central circuits involved in cardiovascular regulation ...
... [pelvic organs], regulation of energy balance and nutrition [including the gastrointestinal tract], regulation of circadian timing of body functions, regulation of body protection [including the immune defense]). We have some knowledge about the central circuits involved in cardiovascular regulation ...
Astrocytes - American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
... transient increases in [KⳭ]o that accompany neuronal activity. In contrast, natural stimulation, such as viewing visual targets of different shapes or orientations, can cause depolarizations of up to 10 mV in astrocytes of the visual cortex (17). The accumulation of extracellular KⳭ that is secondar ...
... transient increases in [KⳭ]o that accompany neuronal activity. In contrast, natural stimulation, such as viewing visual targets of different shapes or orientations, can cause depolarizations of up to 10 mV in astrocytes of the visual cortex (17). The accumulation of extracellular KⳭ that is secondar ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.