Cellular Respiration - Local.brookings.k12.sd.us
... prokaryotes probably used glycolysis to make ATP before oxygen was present • Earliest fossil bacteria present 3.5 billion years ago but large amounts of oxygen not present until 2.7 billion years ago • Glycolysis happens in cytoplasm without membrane bound organelles suggests it was found in early p ...
... prokaryotes probably used glycolysis to make ATP before oxygen was present • Earliest fossil bacteria present 3.5 billion years ago but large amounts of oxygen not present until 2.7 billion years ago • Glycolysis happens in cytoplasm without membrane bound organelles suggests it was found in early p ...
Cellular Respiration
... Cellular Respiration • Cellular respiration is the process by which the chemical energy of "food" is converted into ATP. • Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be used as fuel for cellular respiration, but for our purposes we will look at how glucose is used. ...
... Cellular Respiration • Cellular respiration is the process by which the chemical energy of "food" is converted into ATP. • Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be used as fuel for cellular respiration, but for our purposes we will look at how glucose is used. ...
Week 2
... • The solution: remember that the ΔG of a reaction depends on how far the concentrations of the reactants are from their equilibrium concentrations. • So to beat the game, your body utilizes a subsequent reaction that rapidly consumes the F6P as it is produced, keeping its concentration extremely lo ...
... • The solution: remember that the ΔG of a reaction depends on how far the concentrations of the reactants are from their equilibrium concentrations. • So to beat the game, your body utilizes a subsequent reaction that rapidly consumes the F6P as it is produced, keeping its concentration extremely lo ...
RESPIRATION
... ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION Occurs when bacteria and fungi (yeast) break down plants (Ex: vegetables and fruit) and release alcohol or vinegar. ...
... ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION Occurs when bacteria and fungi (yeast) break down plants (Ex: vegetables and fruit) and release alcohol or vinegar. ...
Practice Exam #1
... Write either T (true) or F (false) on the answer sheet provided. 1. The G is always more negative than the G’. 2. An increase in Pi (inorganic phosphate) in the cytosol is a good indicator of an imbalance between ATP demand and supply. 3. ADP, Pi and H+ are substrates for ATP production in the mi ...
... Write either T (true) or F (false) on the answer sheet provided. 1. The G is always more negative than the G’. 2. An increase in Pi (inorganic phosphate) in the cytosol is a good indicator of an imbalance between ATP demand and supply. 3. ADP, Pi and H+ are substrates for ATP production in the mi ...
Chapter 14 Glycolysis Glucose 2 Pyruvate → → → 2 Lactate (sent to
... Phosphoglycerate kinase Note- the enzyme is named for the reverse reaction. 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is an energy-rich molecule with a greater phosphoryl-transfer potential than that of ATP. This formation of ATP is referred to as substrate-level phosphorylation and does not require any O2. In essenc ...
... Phosphoglycerate kinase Note- the enzyme is named for the reverse reaction. 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is an energy-rich molecule with a greater phosphoryl-transfer potential than that of ATP. This formation of ATP is referred to as substrate-level phosphorylation and does not require any O2. In essenc ...
Chapter_25_Metabolism
... (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation. • The complete degradation of glucose by cellular respiration can be written: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy ...
... (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation. • The complete degradation of glucose by cellular respiration can be written: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy ...
Chapter 5
... Glucose must be activated first before energy can be o btained ◦ ATP consumed at the beginning of glycolysis ◦ ATP ...
... Glucose must be activated first before energy can be o btained ◦ ATP consumed at the beginning of glycolysis ◦ ATP ...
ReviewExamIII
... How does pH and temperature affect enzymatic rate (velocity)? How does a graph of enzymatic rate look versus pH and temperature? How do catabolic and anabolic reactions differ with respect to energy requirements or use, and which is a "build-up" and which a "break-down" group of reactions? What are ...
... How does pH and temperature affect enzymatic rate (velocity)? How does a graph of enzymatic rate look versus pH and temperature? How do catabolic and anabolic reactions differ with respect to energy requirements or use, and which is a "build-up" and which a "break-down" group of reactions? What are ...
Bio 201, Fall 2010 Test 3 Study Guide Questions to be able to
... 26. What are the five characteristics of enzymes? 27. What do enzymes do to allow biological reactions to proceed? 28. How do enzymes speed up reactions? 29. How do we regulate enzyme activity? 30. Describe the structure of ATP. 31. Why is ATP so energy rich? 32. How do cells use ATP to drive enderg ...
... 26. What are the five characteristics of enzymes? 27. What do enzymes do to allow biological reactions to proceed? 28. How do enzymes speed up reactions? 29. How do we regulate enzyme activity? 30. Describe the structure of ATP. 31. Why is ATP so energy rich? 32. How do cells use ATP to drive enderg ...
powerpoint 29 Aug
... Pyruvate isn’t converted to Acetyl CoA; instead it goes to lactic acid Lactic acid converted back to pyruvate via liver (Cori Cycle) ...
... Pyruvate isn’t converted to Acetyl CoA; instead it goes to lactic acid Lactic acid converted back to pyruvate via liver (Cori Cycle) ...
Topic 9: Respiration
... Understand basic process for recovering energy from sugar and other organic molecules. ...
... Understand basic process for recovering energy from sugar and other organic molecules. ...
2015FallNSC408
... d. beta-hydroxybutyrate 7. In what state are both insulin and glucagon present at higher levels? a. Stress or Trauma b. Positive Energy Balance c. Negative Energy Balance d. Exercise 8. What is the primary energy pathway in cancer cells? a. Glycolysis b. Beta-oxidation c. Krebs Cycle d. Gluconeogene ...
... d. beta-hydroxybutyrate 7. In what state are both insulin and glucagon present at higher levels? a. Stress or Trauma b. Positive Energy Balance c. Negative Energy Balance d. Exercise 8. What is the primary energy pathway in cancer cells? a. Glycolysis b. Beta-oxidation c. Krebs Cycle d. Gluconeogene ...
Nutrition and metabolism
... synthase’ 2. As they move through, the protein ‘spins’ providing energy to phosphorylate ADP and produce ATP 3. A total of 34 ATP are produced – 1 Glucose = 36 net ATP (2-Kreb’s; 2 Glycolysis) ...
... synthase’ 2. As they move through, the protein ‘spins’ providing energy to phosphorylate ADP and produce ATP 3. A total of 34 ATP are produced – 1 Glucose = 36 net ATP (2-Kreb’s; 2 Glycolysis) ...
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... acetaldehyde (a 2 carbon compound) ¨ Alcohol dehydrogenase converts acetylaldehyde into ethanol (2C) ¨ NADH is converted back into NAD+ for glycolysis to continue to occur ¨ Ethanol will not be converted back to pyruvate even if O2 concentration has increased ...
... acetaldehyde (a 2 carbon compound) ¨ Alcohol dehydrogenase converts acetylaldehyde into ethanol (2C) ¨ NADH is converted back into NAD+ for glycolysis to continue to occur ¨ Ethanol will not be converted back to pyruvate even if O2 concentration has increased ...
Cell Respiration Notes
... is NOT present Makes only 2 ATP from Glycolysis Occurs in anaerobic bacteria, muscle cells and yeast ...
... is NOT present Makes only 2 ATP from Glycolysis Occurs in anaerobic bacteria, muscle cells and yeast ...
Cellular Respiration Name: Period: ______ Date: 1. Define cellular
... 28. Where does the Krebs Cycle take place? ______________________________________________________________ 29. The Krebs cycle is also known as __________________________________________________________ 30. Complete the steps to the Krebs Cycle: 1. The Krebs cycle begins when ________________________ ...
... 28. Where does the Krebs Cycle take place? ______________________________________________________________ 29. The Krebs cycle is also known as __________________________________________________________ 30. Complete the steps to the Krebs Cycle: 1. The Krebs cycle begins when ________________________ ...
Cellular Respiration NOTES
... Remember, glycolysis results in a net gain of 2 ATP (useful) and 2 NADH (without oxygen, not very useful) and the pyruvate molecules. So, in order to recycle the NAD+ (so more glycolysis can still occur) and to take care of the pyruvate, organisms will convert the pyruvate into either: lactic acid ( ...
... Remember, glycolysis results in a net gain of 2 ATP (useful) and 2 NADH (without oxygen, not very useful) and the pyruvate molecules. So, in order to recycle the NAD+ (so more glycolysis can still occur) and to take care of the pyruvate, organisms will convert the pyruvate into either: lactic acid ( ...
Energetics and Catabolism
... ATP contains a base, sugar, and three phosphates. Under physiological conditions, ATP always forms a complex with Mg2+. ...
... ATP contains a base, sugar, and three phosphates. Under physiological conditions, ATP always forms a complex with Mg2+. ...
Test 1
... 11. One of the key control points in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is the reaction of fructose-6-phosphate 6 fructose 1,6-bisphosphate on the glycolytic side and the reverse reaction on the gluconeogenesis side. Discuss all the ways these two reactions are controlled in your body. Start with ...
... 11. One of the key control points in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is the reaction of fructose-6-phosphate 6 fructose 1,6-bisphosphate on the glycolytic side and the reverse reaction on the gluconeogenesis side. Discuss all the ways these two reactions are controlled in your body. Start with ...
NATURE`S BIOLOGICAL BUILDING BLOCKS
... Composed of subunits (molecules) called amino acids joined together by a peptide bond. Proteins may be structural (as in muscle tissue and connective tissue) or enzymatic. They may also function as hormones. ...
... Composed of subunits (molecules) called amino acids joined together by a peptide bond. Proteins may be structural (as in muscle tissue and connective tissue) or enzymatic. They may also function as hormones. ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑