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... bonds of glucose and turn it into ATP. ATP is called free energy because it is available to do any type of work needed in our cells called Kinetic Energy (energy available for work) The amount of energy released is measure in calories or kilocalories The more energy a type of food can release the mo ...
... bonds of glucose and turn it into ATP. ATP is called free energy because it is available to do any type of work needed in our cells called Kinetic Energy (energy available for work) The amount of energy released is measure in calories or kilocalories The more energy a type of food can release the mo ...
Matabolic Stoichiometry and Energetics in
... hydrogen also participate in ATP formation in aerobic metabolism. The hydrogen atoms in NADH are combined with oxygen in a cascade of reactions known as the respiratory chain. The energy released in this oxidation is sufficient to form three molecule of ATP from ADP. ...
... hydrogen also participate in ATP formation in aerobic metabolism. The hydrogen atoms in NADH are combined with oxygen in a cascade of reactions known as the respiratory chain. The energy released in this oxidation is sufficient to form three molecule of ATP from ADP. ...
BCOR 011 Exam 2, 2004
... B. It binds to an area of the enzyme different than the active site. C. It lowers the activation energy. D. It increases the ∆G of the reaction. E. It competes with the substrate for the active site. 26. When a molecule gains hydrogen atoms (not hydrogen ions), it becomes A. Reduced B. Oxidized C. R ...
... B. It binds to an area of the enzyme different than the active site. C. It lowers the activation energy. D. It increases the ∆G of the reaction. E. It competes with the substrate for the active site. 26. When a molecule gains hydrogen atoms (not hydrogen ions), it becomes A. Reduced B. Oxidized C. R ...
Ch9Overview9-1KEY
... is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy is exergonic, releasing 686 kcal/mol of glucose decomposed is a redox reaction: glucose is oxidized, while oxygen is reduced transfers electrons to a lower energy state, liberating energy consists of many steps, each one catalyzed by an enzyme, so that the en ...
... is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy is exergonic, releasing 686 kcal/mol of glucose decomposed is a redox reaction: glucose is oxidized, while oxygen is reduced transfers electrons to a lower energy state, liberating energy consists of many steps, each one catalyzed by an enzyme, so that the en ...
BIOL 1301 Module 3 - Metabolism – Learning Outcomes Chapters: 6
... List three stages of cellular respiration, location of each stage in the eukaryotic cell, and describe the sequence of compounds through which electrons flow. List two stages of photosynthesis, location of each stage in the chloroplast, and summarize the cooperation between the stages. Describe gene ...
... List three stages of cellular respiration, location of each stage in the eukaryotic cell, and describe the sequence of compounds through which electrons flow. List two stages of photosynthesis, location of each stage in the chloroplast, and summarize the cooperation between the stages. Describe gene ...
Nutrition
... A) Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle where it combines with oxaloacetic acid to create citric acid B) As the cycle moves around, citric acid is rearranged to produce different intermediate molecules called keto acids C) At the end of the cycle, the resulting molecule is oxaloacetic acid which is now ...
... A) Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle where it combines with oxaloacetic acid to create citric acid B) As the cycle moves around, citric acid is rearranged to produce different intermediate molecules called keto acids C) At the end of the cycle, the resulting molecule is oxaloacetic acid which is now ...
Exam 3 Study Guide
... structure of ATP synthase, binding-change mechanism, purpose of shuttles, P/O ratio Glycogen metabolism: reciprocal regulation, structure of glycogen affects formation/degradation, regulation of phosphorylase in muscle and liver, regulation of glycogen synthase and role of PP1 Pentose phosphate path ...
... structure of ATP synthase, binding-change mechanism, purpose of shuttles, P/O ratio Glycogen metabolism: reciprocal regulation, structure of glycogen affects formation/degradation, regulation of phosphorylase in muscle and liver, regulation of glycogen synthase and role of PP1 Pentose phosphate path ...
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best
... B. It binds to an area of the enzyme different than the active site. C. It lowers the activation energy. D. It increases the delta G of the reaction. E. It competes with the substrate for the active site. 26. When a molecule gains hydrogen atoms (not hydrogen ions), it becomes A. Reduced B. Oxidized ...
... B. It binds to an area of the enzyme different than the active site. C. It lowers the activation energy. D. It increases the delta G of the reaction. E. It competes with the substrate for the active site. 26. When a molecule gains hydrogen atoms (not hydrogen ions), it becomes A. Reduced B. Oxidized ...
VISUALIZING CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... the mitochondria where it is “processed” to produce ATP (KREBS CYCLE) . However, the steps in the Krebs cycle can only occur if oxygen is available. FERMENTATION: the result of NO OXYGEN When oxygen is not available, fermentation occurs. In a previous step of the first animation, one type of ferment ...
... the mitochondria where it is “processed” to produce ATP (KREBS CYCLE) . However, the steps in the Krebs cycle can only occur if oxygen is available. FERMENTATION: the result of NO OXYGEN When oxygen is not available, fermentation occurs. In a previous step of the first animation, one type of ferment ...
C454_lect13
... 1.1 Recurring Motifs in Metabolic Regulation Anabolism and catabolism must be precisely regulated: Enzyme levels Compartmentalization Specialization of organs ...
... 1.1 Recurring Motifs in Metabolic Regulation Anabolism and catabolism must be precisely regulated: Enzyme levels Compartmentalization Specialization of organs ...
Chapter 9 - Bulldogbiology.com
... 7. Name the three stages of cellular respiration and state the region of the eukaryotic cell where each stage occurs. 8. Describe how the carbon skeleton of glucose changes as it proceeds through glycolysis. 9. Explain why ATP is required for the preparatory steps of glycolysis. 10. Identify where s ...
... 7. Name the three stages of cellular respiration and state the region of the eukaryotic cell where each stage occurs. 8. Describe how the carbon skeleton of glucose changes as it proceeds through glycolysis. 9. Explain why ATP is required for the preparatory steps of glycolysis. 10. Identify where s ...
muscle energetics types of skeletal muscle
... Anaerobic metabolism Combined with phosphate transfer system can provide energy for short bursts of activity Also called glycolysis Produces ATP and lactic acid from stored glycogen and glucose Occurs in cytoplasm ...
... Anaerobic metabolism Combined with phosphate transfer system can provide energy for short bursts of activity Also called glycolysis Produces ATP and lactic acid from stored glycogen and glucose Occurs in cytoplasm ...
1. Diagram energy flow through the biosphere
... occurs after glucose is split into 2 3carbon sugars and ATP and NADH are produced Substrate-level phosphorylation last step – this is how ATP is produced; it is a highly exergonic process Reduction of coenzymes step 6 – where glyceraldehyde phosphate is oxidized and NAD+ is reduced to NADH+ and ...
... occurs after glucose is split into 2 3carbon sugars and ATP and NADH are produced Substrate-level phosphorylation last step – this is how ATP is produced; it is a highly exergonic process Reduction of coenzymes step 6 – where glyceraldehyde phosphate is oxidized and NAD+ is reduced to NADH+ and ...
Cellular Respiration Webquest
... the bread when the bread rises. The alcohol is actually “cooked off”, when the bread is baked (which is why fresh baked bread smells amazing!!) Beers have low levels of alcohol as well (5-10%) and specific yeasts are used that produce CO2 and alcohol (and the beer is “carbonated”). Alcoholic Wine Ye ...
... the bread when the bread rises. The alcohol is actually “cooked off”, when the bread is baked (which is why fresh baked bread smells amazing!!) Beers have low levels of alcohol as well (5-10%) and specific yeasts are used that produce CO2 and alcohol (and the beer is “carbonated”). Alcoholic Wine Ye ...
Cellular Respiration
... • Energy, released as electrons, is passed along the chain & used to create a hydrogen ion gradient that powers chemiosmosis, which generates ATP. • Glycolysis is the only source of energy for some organisms. Pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide and alcohol (ethanol fermentation) or lactate ( ...
... • Energy, released as electrons, is passed along the chain & used to create a hydrogen ion gradient that powers chemiosmosis, which generates ATP. • Glycolysis is the only source of energy for some organisms. Pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide and alcohol (ethanol fermentation) or lactate ( ...
Aerobic respiration - Wesleyan
... The reactions of glycolysis convert one molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate for a net yield of two ATP An energy investment of ATP is required to start glycolysis Two ATP are used to split glucose and form 2 PGAL, each with one phosphate group Enzymes convert 2 PGAL to 2 PGA, fo ...
... The reactions of glycolysis convert one molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate for a net yield of two ATP An energy investment of ATP is required to start glycolysis Two ATP are used to split glucose and form 2 PGAL, each with one phosphate group Enzymes convert 2 PGAL to 2 PGA, fo ...
Metabolism
... group to a compound •When the 2 high-energy phosphate bonds in ATP are hydrolyzed – energy is released – phosphate is transferred to other molecules ...
... group to a compound •When the 2 high-energy phosphate bonds in ATP are hydrolyzed – energy is released – phosphate is transferred to other molecules ...
Macromoleucles Notes
... ____________________ _____________________ - usually bonded to oxygen, hydrogen, and other carbon atoms. Most of the matter in your body is _______________!! These are compounds that usually come from organisms Macromolecules Cells and their organelles are made up of smaller building blocks ...
... ____________________ _____________________ - usually bonded to oxygen, hydrogen, and other carbon atoms. Most of the matter in your body is _______________!! These are compounds that usually come from organisms Macromolecules Cells and their organelles are made up of smaller building blocks ...
Final Examination
... Because of its highly branched structure, glycogen contains about 90% α1,4 linkages and 10% α1,6 linkages between glucoses. All of the α1,4 linkages are broken by phosphorolysis which releases those glucoses with an α1,4 linkage (about 90% of the total glucose released) as glucose-1-phosphate. Gluco ...
... Because of its highly branched structure, glycogen contains about 90% α1,4 linkages and 10% α1,6 linkages between glucoses. All of the α1,4 linkages are broken by phosphorolysis which releases those glucoses with an α1,4 linkage (about 90% of the total glucose released) as glucose-1-phosphate. Gluco ...
3.7 Cell Respiration
... 3.7 Cell Respiration 1. Define cell respiration. Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic molecules in cells to form ATP. 2. State the equation for the process of cell respiration. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy 3. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic in terms of ...
... 3.7 Cell Respiration 1. Define cell respiration. Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic molecules in cells to form ATP. 2. State the equation for the process of cell respiration. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy 3. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic in terms of ...
Microbial Metabolism
... ENZYME COMPONENTS • HOLOENZYME = APOENZYME + COFACTOR – Apoenzyme = protein component – Cofactor/coenzyme = non-protein component ...
... ENZYME COMPONENTS • HOLOENZYME = APOENZYME + COFACTOR – Apoenzyme = protein component – Cofactor/coenzyme = non-protein component ...
HOW CELLS HARVEST ENERGY
... Since they have no mitochondria, all of aerobic respiration takes place in the cytoplasm, and the ETC occurs on the cell membrane E. Anaerobic respiration Occurs in certain bacteria Has the same stages as aerobic respiration: Glycolysis Oxidation of pyruvate Kreb’s cycle ETC However, O2 is NOT the f ...
... Since they have no mitochondria, all of aerobic respiration takes place in the cytoplasm, and the ETC occurs on the cell membrane E. Anaerobic respiration Occurs in certain bacteria Has the same stages as aerobic respiration: Glycolysis Oxidation of pyruvate Kreb’s cycle ETC However, O2 is NOT the f ...
Cell Respiration Basics
... • Glycolysis (sometimes listed separately from cell respiration because it happens outside the mitochondrion.) ...
... • Glycolysis (sometimes listed separately from cell respiration because it happens outside the mitochondrion.) ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑