citric acid cycle
... providing glucose 6-phosphate in excess of requirements for glycolysis, which will be used for glycogen synthesis and lipogenesis (fatty acids synthesis). In the pancreas, the glucose 6phosphate formed by glucokinase signals increased glucose availability and leads to the secretion of insulin ...
... providing glucose 6-phosphate in excess of requirements for glycolysis, which will be used for glycogen synthesis and lipogenesis (fatty acids synthesis). In the pancreas, the glucose 6phosphate formed by glucokinase signals increased glucose availability and leads to the secretion of insulin ...
Exam 1 Review KEY
... 23.) What is a polyribosome? Why would a cell contain polyribosomes? Many ribosomes on one mRNA. The cell is trying to produce many of one kind of protein. 24.) By coupling a reaction, an ___exergonic_______ reaction allows an ___endergonic______ reaction to become spontaneous. This is caused by th ...
... 23.) What is a polyribosome? Why would a cell contain polyribosomes? Many ribosomes on one mRNA. The cell is trying to produce many of one kind of protein. 24.) By coupling a reaction, an ___exergonic_______ reaction allows an ___endergonic______ reaction to become spontaneous. This is caused by th ...
chapter review questions
... deposit it in cells To convert fat to protein To maintain blood glucose at around 70–110 mg/100 ml of blood To elevate blood glucose to the highest possible level to ensure adequate delivery to the brain ...
... deposit it in cells To convert fat to protein To maintain blood glucose at around 70–110 mg/100 ml of blood To elevate blood glucose to the highest possible level to ensure adequate delivery to the brain ...
Cellular Respiration Note Packet
... 1. ____________________ perform alcoholic fermentation. Yeasts convert ______________________ into ___________________________ when they run out of ________________. Yeasts are used to make breads and alcohol. 2. Steps of Alcoholic Fermentation: ...
... 1. ____________________ perform alcoholic fermentation. Yeasts convert ______________________ into ___________________________ when they run out of ________________. Yeasts are used to make breads and alcohol. 2. Steps of Alcoholic Fermentation: ...
BIOCHEMISTRY (CHEM 360)
... Valinomycin is an anti-bacterial that kills bacteria by surrounding K+ ions and shuttling them down their concentration gradient and across membranes. Which of the following might be the cause of cell death? (1) Disruption of secondary transport processes that depend on K+ ion concentration gradient ...
... Valinomycin is an anti-bacterial that kills bacteria by surrounding K+ ions and shuttling them down their concentration gradient and across membranes. Which of the following might be the cause of cell death? (1) Disruption of secondary transport processes that depend on K+ ion concentration gradient ...
Unit 3
... breakdown of glucose to pyruvate without the use of oxygen. Pyruvate is then converted into lactic acid, which limits the amount of ATP produced (2 ATP molecules). ...
... breakdown of glucose to pyruvate without the use of oxygen. Pyruvate is then converted into lactic acid, which limits the amount of ATP produced (2 ATP molecules). ...
Cellular Respiration
... remaining acetyl (2-C) is combined with oxaloacetate already present in the mitochondria forming citrate (6-C) Step 2 and 3 Redox reactions take place stripping hydrogen atoms from organic intermediates producing NADH molecules and dispose of 2-C that came from oxaloacetate, which are released a ...
... remaining acetyl (2-C) is combined with oxaloacetate already present in the mitochondria forming citrate (6-C) Step 2 and 3 Redox reactions take place stripping hydrogen atoms from organic intermediates producing NADH molecules and dispose of 2-C that came from oxaloacetate, which are released a ...
Exam 4 key fall 2010
... (5) 15. Explain why NADH produced in glycolysis in eukaryotes typically causes a problem. ...
... (5) 15. Explain why NADH produced in glycolysis in eukaryotes typically causes a problem. ...
Fermentation
... • A complete fermentation pathway begins with a substrate, includes glycolysis and results in various end-products. • The different fermentation pathways typically are named for the end products that are formed. • yeast, convert NADH back to NAD+ in a process called ethanol fermentation. In this pr ...
... • A complete fermentation pathway begins with a substrate, includes glycolysis and results in various end-products. • The different fermentation pathways typically are named for the end products that are formed. • yeast, convert NADH back to NAD+ in a process called ethanol fermentation. In this pr ...
Pentose phosphate pathway = PPP Pentose phosphate cycle
... Regulation of pentose phosphate pathway oxidative phase and the whole pathway 1.) NADPH, the coenzyme product of the dehydrogenases inhibits the dehydrogenases, no need for the PPP, if NADPH is not consumed in other reactions 2.) NADP, the substrate coenzyme activates the dehydrogenases, it is prod ...
... Regulation of pentose phosphate pathway oxidative phase and the whole pathway 1.) NADPH, the coenzyme product of the dehydrogenases inhibits the dehydrogenases, no need for the PPP, if NADPH is not consumed in other reactions 2.) NADP, the substrate coenzyme activates the dehydrogenases, it is prod ...
Metabolism
... Metabolism of secondary compounds, defined simply as compounds other than primary compounds. A compound is classified as a secondary metabolite if it does not seem to directly function in the processes of growth and development. Even though secondary compounds are a normal part of the metabolism of ...
... Metabolism of secondary compounds, defined simply as compounds other than primary compounds. A compound is classified as a secondary metabolite if it does not seem to directly function in the processes of growth and development. Even though secondary compounds are a normal part of the metabolism of ...
Regulation of Glycolysis
... Because the principle function of glycolysis is to produce ATP, it must be regulated so that ATP is generated only when needed. The enzyme which controls the flux of metabolites through the glycolytic pathway is phosphofructokinase (PFK-1). PFK-1 is an allosteric enzyme that occupies the key regulat ...
... Because the principle function of glycolysis is to produce ATP, it must be regulated so that ATP is generated only when needed. The enzyme which controls the flux of metabolites through the glycolytic pathway is phosphofructokinase (PFK-1). PFK-1 is an allosteric enzyme that occupies the key regulat ...
CHAPTER 10 REVIEW SHEET Briefly describe metabolism. What
... 25. A series of __________ (or phosphotransferases) catalyze interconversions of nucleoside mono-, di- and triphosphates. Predict the products: a. GMP + ATP guanylate kinase b. GDP + ATP nucleoside diphosphate kinase 26. Intracellular ATP concentrations is maintained by the following two reactions. ...
... 25. A series of __________ (or phosphotransferases) catalyze interconversions of nucleoside mono-, di- and triphosphates. Predict the products: a. GMP + ATP guanylate kinase b. GDP + ATP nucleoside diphosphate kinase 26. Intracellular ATP concentrations is maintained by the following two reactions. ...
Citric Acid Cycle
... Glycolysis 1. From glucose to pyruvate; 2. 10-step reactions; 3. Three inreverseable reactions hexokinase phosphofructokinase-1 pyruvate kinase 4. Rate limiting enzyme: phosphofructokinase-1 5. Production: 2 ATP (net) 2 NADH + H 6. Function: Supply energy in anaerobic condition. ...
... Glycolysis 1. From glucose to pyruvate; 2. 10-step reactions; 3. Three inreverseable reactions hexokinase phosphofructokinase-1 pyruvate kinase 4. Rate limiting enzyme: phosphofructokinase-1 5. Production: 2 ATP (net) 2 NADH + H 6. Function: Supply energy in anaerobic condition. ...
Chapter 19 Carbohydrate Biosynthesis
... • The amino acids that can be converted to pyruvate or citric acid cycle intermediates are glucogenic. • Net conversion of acetyl-CoA to pyruvate (the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate is irreversible) or oxaloacetate does not occur in mammals, thus neither Lys and Leu nor even-numbered fatty ac ...
... • The amino acids that can be converted to pyruvate or citric acid cycle intermediates are glucogenic. • Net conversion of acetyl-CoA to pyruvate (the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate is irreversible) or oxaloacetate does not occur in mammals, thus neither Lys and Leu nor even-numbered fatty ac ...
Assessment
... _____ 18. The part of cellular respiration in which glucose is broken down is called a. photosynthesis. b. electron transport. c. glycolysis. _____ 19. Two products of the Krebs cycle are a. H2O and CO2. b. ATP and O2. c. ADP and H2O _____ 20. What provides the electron transport chain in cellular r ...
... _____ 18. The part of cellular respiration in which glucose is broken down is called a. photosynthesis. b. electron transport. c. glycolysis. _____ 19. Two products of the Krebs cycle are a. H2O and CO2. b. ATP and O2. c. ADP and H2O _____ 20. What provides the electron transport chain in cellular r ...
THE CHEMICAL BASICS OF LIFE
... • TRANSPORT Channels to move items into/out of Cell Membranes • DEFENSE –Immune system, White blood cells in the blood ...
... • TRANSPORT Channels to move items into/out of Cell Membranes • DEFENSE –Immune system, White blood cells in the blood ...
Chapter 2. Fuel for Exercising Muscle
... • Energy substrate for prolonged, less intense exercise – High net ATP yield but slow ATP production – Must be broken down into free fatty acids (FFAs) and glycerol – Only FFAs are used to make ATP ...
... • Energy substrate for prolonged, less intense exercise – High net ATP yield but slow ATP production – Must be broken down into free fatty acids (FFAs) and glycerol – Only FFAs are used to make ATP ...
Intro to Metabolism II and Glycolysis
... XXIX. Relative changes in [ATP] and [AMP] when ATP is consumed [S29] a. When there is plenty of ATP, glycolysis is inhibited & when ATP goes down, glycolysis is activated. b. Glycolysis does not occur though because of changes in ATP but instead due to the change in concentration of AMP. c. Just a 1 ...
... XXIX. Relative changes in [ATP] and [AMP] when ATP is consumed [S29] a. When there is plenty of ATP, glycolysis is inhibited & when ATP goes down, glycolysis is activated. b. Glycolysis does not occur though because of changes in ATP but instead due to the change in concentration of AMP. c. Just a 1 ...
7 CellRespiration
... 8. Write the overall equation for the Krebs Cycle, including the pyruvate to Acetyl CoA step. How many NADHs are produced per pyruvate? Per glucose? How many FADHs are made per pyruvate? Per glucose? How many carbon dioxide molecules are released per pyruvate and per glucose? How many ATP made, and ...
... 8. Write the overall equation for the Krebs Cycle, including the pyruvate to Acetyl CoA step. How many NADHs are produced per pyruvate? Per glucose? How many FADHs are made per pyruvate? Per glucose? How many carbon dioxide molecules are released per pyruvate and per glucose? How many ATP made, and ...
aerobic respiration
... 3. These pathways regenerate NAD1, which the cells can use to keep glycolysis going to make more ATP in the absence of oxygen. 4. Without niacin or the ability to make it, the person would be deficient in NAD1. Since NAD1 is used in Step 3 of glycolysis, glycolysis would be inhibited. STRUCTURES AND ...
... 3. These pathways regenerate NAD1, which the cells can use to keep glycolysis going to make more ATP in the absence of oxygen. 4. Without niacin or the ability to make it, the person would be deficient in NAD1. Since NAD1 is used in Step 3 of glycolysis, glycolysis would be inhibited. STRUCTURES AND ...
Chapter 5: Microbial Metabolism
... The Electron Transport Chain: a series of carrier molecules that are, in turn, _________ and ________ as electrons are passed down the chain. ...
... The Electron Transport Chain: a series of carrier molecules that are, in turn, _________ and ________ as electrons are passed down the chain. ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑