- thevignanam
... dinucleotide (NAD+) to form NADH. Next triose phosphate dehydrogenase adds a phosphate (P) from the cytosol to the oxidized glyceraldehyde phosphate to form 1, 3-bisphoshoglyceric acid. This occurs for both molecules of glyceraldehyde phosphate produced in ...
... dinucleotide (NAD+) to form NADH. Next triose phosphate dehydrogenase adds a phosphate (P) from the cytosol to the oxidized glyceraldehyde phosphate to form 1, 3-bisphoshoglyceric acid. This occurs for both molecules of glyceraldehyde phosphate produced in ...
ADP, ATP and Cellular Respiration Powerpoint
... STEP 1 Glycolysis Glycolysis is takes place in the cytosol of cells in all living organisms. This pathway can function with or without the presence of oxygen. process converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid), ...
... STEP 1 Glycolysis Glycolysis is takes place in the cytosol of cells in all living organisms. This pathway can function with or without the presence of oxygen. process converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid), ...
UNIT 11. CATABOLISM OF GLUCOSE • Aerobic glycolysis: scheme
... 1 – hexokinase / glucokinase (in liver) 3 – phosphofructokinase 1 5 - triose phosphate isomerase 7 – phosphoglycerate kinase 9 – enolase ...
... 1 – hexokinase / glucokinase (in liver) 3 – phosphofructokinase 1 5 - triose phosphate isomerase 7 – phosphoglycerate kinase 9 – enolase ...
EXAM 2 Fall2007.doc
... the plasma membrane, communicating with other cells and identifying the cell? A) phospholipids B) carbohydrates C) proteins D) nucleic acids E) cytoskeleton 34. What is active transport? A) diffusion of molecules within a cell B) movement of molecules into or out of a cell against a concentration gr ...
... the plasma membrane, communicating with other cells and identifying the cell? A) phospholipids B) carbohydrates C) proteins D) nucleic acids E) cytoskeleton 34. What is active transport? A) diffusion of molecules within a cell B) movement of molecules into or out of a cell against a concentration gr ...
Unit 4 (Bioenergetics - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration)
... Exergonic – Gives off energy (i.e. catabolism and hydrolysis) ...
... Exergonic – Gives off energy (i.e. catabolism and hydrolysis) ...
1. Metabolic pathways 2. Basic enzyme kinetics 3. Metabolic
... » Transport driven by chemical potential difference ...
... » Transport driven by chemical potential difference ...
Galvanic Cells
... Thus if the ratio is low, the ln term will make a negative contribution to total G making it possible to synthesize fructose-6-phosphate. Step 3: Similar to Step 1. Step 4: Here, we see that the reaction is bit more complex in that two products are formed and can interconvert with positive G. The ...
... Thus if the ratio is low, the ln term will make a negative contribution to total G making it possible to synthesize fructose-6-phosphate. Step 3: Similar to Step 1. Step 4: Here, we see that the reaction is bit more complex in that two products are formed and can interconvert with positive G. The ...
File - Ms. Richards IB Biology HL
... Carbohydrates and Proteins • Notice that complex carbohydrates would be hydrolyzed to glucose • Proteins are hydrolyzed to amino acids. Excess amino acids are enzymatically converted to intermediates of glycolysis and Krebs cycle. Common intermediates are pyruvate, acetyl Co-A • Conversion process ...
... Carbohydrates and Proteins • Notice that complex carbohydrates would be hydrolyzed to glucose • Proteins are hydrolyzed to amino acids. Excess amino acids are enzymatically converted to intermediates of glycolysis and Krebs cycle. Common intermediates are pyruvate, acetyl Co-A • Conversion process ...
Other High Energy Compounds
... The energy charge, or E.C., has the range 0 to 1.0. If all the adenylate is in the form of ATP, E.C. = 1.0, and the potential for phosphoryl transfer is maximal. At the other extreme, if AMP is the only adenylate form present, E.C. = 0. Then the relative amounts of the three adenine nucleotides ar ...
... The energy charge, or E.C., has the range 0 to 1.0. If all the adenylate is in the form of ATP, E.C. = 1.0, and the potential for phosphoryl transfer is maximal. At the other extreme, if AMP is the only adenylate form present, E.C. = 0. Then the relative amounts of the three adenine nucleotides ar ...
Metabolism
... – Breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate – Produces net 2 ATP and 2 NADH Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA yields 2NADH 2. The citric acid cycle – Completes the breakdown of glucose – Produces net 2 ATP, 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 from 2 pyruvate 3. Oxidative phosphorylation – Is driven by th ...
... – Breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate – Produces net 2 ATP and 2 NADH Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA yields 2NADH 2. The citric acid cycle – Completes the breakdown of glucose – Produces net 2 ATP, 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 from 2 pyruvate 3. Oxidative phosphorylation – Is driven by th ...
Homework 3 BSC 1005 Fall 2011
... c. amino acids. d. the formation of peptide bonds. 29.Before fats can be metabolized in aerobic cellular respiration they must be converted to a. simple sugars. b. fatty acids and glycerol. c. amino acids. d. fatty acids and amino acids. 30.Before an an amino acid can be used in cellular respiration ...
... c. amino acids. d. the formation of peptide bonds. 29.Before fats can be metabolized in aerobic cellular respiration they must be converted to a. simple sugars. b. fatty acids and glycerol. c. amino acids. d. fatty acids and amino acids. 30.Before an an amino acid can be used in cellular respiration ...
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
... CoA breaks off to gather more acetic acid. The Acetic acid is broken down. ...
... CoA breaks off to gather more acetic acid. The Acetic acid is broken down. ...
8 Aerobic Respiration
... The NADH and FADH2 give off their electron, which powers each protein channel in sequence.* The NAD+ and FAD+ then return to pick up another electron *REMEMBER: If we can’t do this step, then the cell has to do fermentation instead. ...
... The NADH and FADH2 give off their electron, which powers each protein channel in sequence.* The NAD+ and FAD+ then return to pick up another electron *REMEMBER: If we can’t do this step, then the cell has to do fermentation instead. ...
Free sample of
... systems that: A) displace surface receptor proteins. B) accumulate within cell gap junctions. C) bind to contractile microfilaments. D) release secretions into extracellular fluid. ...
... systems that: A) displace surface receptor proteins. B) accumulate within cell gap junctions. C) bind to contractile microfilaments. D) release secretions into extracellular fluid. ...
File - SBI
... d. They can work with both oxygen and methane as the terminal electron acceptors at the same time e. a and b are correct 12. If a human muscle cell runs out of oxygen over a short period of time, what process can it use to get ATP? a. Alcohol fermentation b. Lipid fermentation c. Lactate fermentatio ...
... d. They can work with both oxygen and methane as the terminal electron acceptors at the same time e. a and b are correct 12. If a human muscle cell runs out of oxygen over a short period of time, what process can it use to get ATP? a. Alcohol fermentation b. Lipid fermentation c. Lactate fermentatio ...
ESCC 7 The Anaerobic Glycolytic Energy System
... Substrate. Substrates are nutrient sources available in the organism to fuel cellular metabolism. Anaerobic glycolysis uses glucose and glycogen exclusively as a substrate. Glycogen must be converted to glucose for use, via a process called glycogenolysis. At high work intensities, nutrients must co ...
... Substrate. Substrates are nutrient sources available in the organism to fuel cellular metabolism. Anaerobic glycolysis uses glucose and glycogen exclusively as a substrate. Glycogen must be converted to glucose for use, via a process called glycogenolysis. At high work intensities, nutrients must co ...
Cellular respiration
... fermentation. The pyruvate is not transported into the mitochondrion, but remains in the cytoplasm, where it is converted to waste products that may be removed from the cell. This serves the purpose of oxidizing the electron carriers so that they can perform glycolysis again and removing the excess ...
... fermentation. The pyruvate is not transported into the mitochondrion, but remains in the cytoplasm, where it is converted to waste products that may be removed from the cell. This serves the purpose of oxidizing the electron carriers so that they can perform glycolysis again and removing the excess ...
2008b(12): Detail the protective and regulatory roles of the liver
... gut and the body and therefore has a role in protection from organisms and toxins and regulation of nutrient levels. Protective: - involved in removal of bacteria, endotoxins and protein denaturation - these actions are primarily undertaken by Kupffer Cells located in the hepatic sinusoids - the act ...
... gut and the body and therefore has a role in protection from organisms and toxins and regulation of nutrient levels. Protective: - involved in removal of bacteria, endotoxins and protein denaturation - these actions are primarily undertaken by Kupffer Cells located in the hepatic sinusoids - the act ...
questions for lipids
... 1. a. Compare the pathways for fatty acid synthesis and gluconeogenesis using the format shown below. Points of comparison rate-limiting step (write complete reactions) ...
... 1. a. Compare the pathways for fatty acid synthesis and gluconeogenesis using the format shown below. Points of comparison rate-limiting step (write complete reactions) ...
The Kreb`s Cycle
... Accounts for 60-70% energy consumed per day When is an individual’s BMR greatest?? ...
... Accounts for 60-70% energy consumed per day When is an individual’s BMR greatest?? ...
LOYOLA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), CHENNAI – 600 034
... 3. Write the components that are involved in the synthesis of acetyl coenzyme A. 4. What would be the decarboxylated product of pyruvate in glycolysis? Mention the structure. 5. Define glycosuria. 6. What are ketone bodies? When and how are they formed in the body? 7. Calculate the energitics for pa ...
... 3. Write the components that are involved in the synthesis of acetyl coenzyme A. 4. What would be the decarboxylated product of pyruvate in glycolysis? Mention the structure. 5. Define glycosuria. 6. What are ketone bodies? When and how are they formed in the body? 7. Calculate the energitics for pa ...
Macromolecule
... Stores energy Or C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio. Plants convert sun’s Ex glucose: C6H12O6 energy into glucose, 5 or 6 carbon rings which we digest and use for energy ...
... Stores energy Or C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio. Plants convert sun’s Ex glucose: C6H12O6 energy into glucose, 5 or 6 carbon rings which we digest and use for energy ...
Outline05 Enzymes - Napa Valley College
... - major energy source for cells: oxidation of sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids - redox reactions are coupled: one molecule is oxidized, another is reduced - redox reactions in cells often involve transfer of H atoms (not H+ ions) e.g., reduction of pyruvate to lactate: C=O + 2 H → H-C-OH ...
... - major energy source for cells: oxidation of sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids - redox reactions are coupled: one molecule is oxidized, another is reduced - redox reactions in cells often involve transfer of H atoms (not H+ ions) e.g., reduction of pyruvate to lactate: C=O + 2 H → H-C-OH ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑