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Comp. 2 – Macromolecules
Organic compounds
 ____________________ _____________________ - usually bonded to oxygen, hydrogen, and other carbon atoms.
 Most of the matter in your body is _______________!!
 These are compounds that usually come from organisms
Macromolecules
 Cells and their organelles are made up of smaller building blocks called ______________________________.
 There are 4 basic types of macromolecules. They are:
o ________________
o ____________________
o __________________________
o ________________ ______________
 Monomers and polymers
o Macromolecules are actually made up of even smaller subunits. Each subunit of a macromolecule is called a
________________
o The macromolecules themselves are called ___________________, because they are made up of many of these
subunits.
o Monomer: ______________ basic unit or subunit
o Polymer: a chain of ____________ basic units
Carbohydrates
 Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a _____________ __________________.
 Key source of ______________ ( __________________) - found in fruits and vegetables.
 _________________________________ - single sugars.
o The building blocks of carbs
o Ends in __________
o Examples: glucose, fructose, maltose
 Monomer (basic unit): simple sugars or _________________________________
o Ex: glucose
 Polymer (chain of units): complex carbohydrates or __________________________
o Ex: starch, cellulose, chitin, glycogen
 Disaccharides and polysaccharides
o Disaccharides - _________ sugars
 Glucose + fructose = sucrose
o Polysaccharides
 A macromolecule made of ______________ _____________
 Storehouse for _______________
 Excess energy is stored as:
 ________________ - in plants
 _________________ - in animals
 _________________ - found in plant cell walls
 Indicator tests
o Simple sugars
 ____________________ __________________: blue solution turns orange/green/brown
o Complex carbs
 _______________ _______________/ ____________________: turns from orange-red-brown to blackpurple
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Let’s draw a glucose molecule!
Lipids
 Are ____________________
 _____________, ______________, phospholipids, _______________ (cholesterol) and waxes
 Fats are lipids that store ________________ for long term, make up the cell membrane (phospholipids), provide cell
__________________, and provide insulation
 Lipids are made by combining two types of molecules
o __________________
 A three carbon alcohol
o 3 ____________ _____________
 Long hydrocarbon chains
 Non polar
o The combining of these two molecules makes a __________________________.
 Made up of: ___________________.
 Monomer (basic unit): ______________ ___________
 Polymer (chain of units): _____________
o Specific examples: triglycerides, phospholipids
 Saturated = __________________ bond
 Unsaturated = ________________ bond
 Indicator test
o _______________ _____________ test
 Smear substance onto paper bag. If see-thru, it contains lipids.
Proteins
 Build and repair muscle and tissues
 __________________ - proteins that ______________________ chemical reactions by lowering the ______________
___________________.
 Most enzymes end in _________________.
 Made of chains of _______________ ______________
 There are 20 known amino acids. These are found in all biological species
 _______________________ - protein found in skin
 ____________________________ - blood clots, and muscles.
 Structure:
o Made up of: ___________________.
o Monomer (basic unit): ____________ _____________ (20 different kinds!)
o Polymer (chain of units): __________________
 More specifically __________________________. (amino acids linked by _______________________
bonds)
o _________________ _____________________ - makes center of amino acid
o __________________ ________________
o ____________________ _________________ - this is an acid
A single hydrogen
___________________ ___________________
 There are 20 R groups
 Therefore there are 20 different amino acids in all living things
Lets draw an amino acid
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Proteins have complex structures. The ________________ of a protein determines its ____________________!
The levels of protein structure are:
o __________________ ____________________: polypeptide chain
o _______________________ ___________________: polypeptides in coils or sheets
o ____________________ ______________________: coils or sheets form a tangle
o ________________________ ____________________: more than one tangle combine to make a very complex
protein!
Enzymes:
o Enzyme + Substrate = _____________________________.
o Substrate is the ___________________ an enzyme ___________________ ________. It specifically
_______________________ the enzyme.
o The ______________________ _______________ is where the enzyme and the substrate __________ together
and ________________. This activates the __________________.
o Enzymes are _________________ for what they will catalyze.
o Enzymes end is ______________
They must fit together like a ____________________________.
o Draw an enzyme substrate complex:
Energy is needed to start a chemical reaction
o ___________________ __________________ - the energy needed to start a chemical reaction
o Chemical push
________________ help biochemical reactions occur
o Allows reactions to occur quickly and at ___________ temperatures
o Increases the ________________ of chemical react ions
o Most are _________________
o Act as _____________________ - reduce the amount of activation energy required
o Helps maintain homeostasis.
Three things that affect enzyme action.
o Amount of enzyme __________________________
o ____________________________
o ____________
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Indicator test:
o _____________________ ______________________: turns from _____________________________________ if
protein is present
Nucleic Acids
 Function: Stores and carries ______________________ information
 Structure
o Made up of _________________________.
o Monomers (basic unit): _______________________
o Polymers (chain of units): ____________ or ___________
 Made of ___________________
 Nucleotides contain a sugar, phosphate and a ______________________________________.
 _____________ - double stranded and makes up chromosomes
 _____________ - single stranded, used in making proteins
ATP
 Stands for ______________________________________________.
 ______________ currency for the cells
 Cells need a constant supply of ATP to function
 Organisms need energy for life processes
o ______________ - the ability to move or change matter
o Energy is stored and released by _______________ ____________________
o Reactants and Products
o Chemical Reaction Absorb and release energy
o Example:
 Freezing water releases energy
 Melting ice absorbs energy
 ATP = ______________________________
 ATP has _______ phosphates, a sugar (________________), and ________________________.
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Energy is ____________________________ when the ________ phosphate bond ___________________________.
o This leaves __________________ and a ___________________________.
ADP – ATP cycle
 ADP joins together with a ________________________________________ gained through energy from _________. This
makes ________________.
 Then ATP ____________________ energy for __________ by breaking the ________ phosphate which makes
____________and a ___________________________.