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AP BIOLOGY Name: Guided Reading: Ch. 3 – The Chemistry of Organic Molecules Answer the following questions as you read the chapter. 1. All organic molecules contain carbon. What is it about carbon that makes it such a fundamental building block? 2. Any organic molecule can be thought of as having a carbon-based core with specific groups of atoms with definite chemical properties attached. These groups of atoms are known as _____________. 3. Complete this table summarizing the characteristics of the most biologically significant functional groups: Group Structure Compound Polar or Found in many Found in many nonpolar or all proteins lipids Hydroxyl Carbonyl Aldehyde Amine as in tryptophan Polar phospholoipids R-SH Carboxyllic acid as in acetic acid 4. What is an isomer and how can they be biologically significant? 5. Complete this table summarizing the macromolecules. Category Example Carbohydrates DNA, RNA Subunit(s) Amino Acid 6. Explain the difference between hydrolysis and synthesis reactions. 7. Which monosaccharide is the major source of cellular fuel for all living things? 8. How do plants transport sugar? 9. Match the polysaccharide to it’s structure and then to it’s function: Cellulose Long chain with a few branches Forms the cell walls of bacteria. Chitin Long chain with many branches Forms the cell walls of fungi, and the exoskeletons of arthropods. Glycogen Long chain with no branches, forming long fibers Forms the cell walls of plant cells. Peptidoglycan Monomer has amino groups too. The form in which animals store glucose. Starch Monomer has amino acid chains. The form in which plants store glucose. 10. Why are lipids insoluble in water? 11. Complete this table summarizing the types of lipids: Type Function(s) Steroids Human Uses Long-term energy storage and insulation in animals None (part of our cells) Waxes 12. Discuss the benefit of using fat instead of glycogen for long-term energy storage. 13. List some of the many functions of proteins. 14. How do amino acids differ? 15. What is a peptide bond? 16. Discuss the connection between the term peptide and polypeptide. 17. Why is a protein’ shape so important? 18. Match the level of protein structure to it’s description and example: Primary Folding resulting in a three-dimensional shape. Fibrous proteins, such as keratin. Secondary Results when there are two or more polypeptides in a protein. Hemoglobin is an example. Tertiary The specific sequence of amino acids. Globular proteins, such as enzymes. Quaternary The coils and folds of a polypeptide. No example. 19. What happens when a protein denatures? 20. Explain how DNA and RNA work together to build a protein. 21. What is ATP used for? 22. Label this diagram showing the structure of a nucleotide: [p.50] 23. Explain the difference between purines and pyrimidines. 24. What is complementary base pairing? 25. Why is ATP a high-energy molecule? 26. Explain why the last phosphate bond of an ATP molecule is called a “high energy” bond.