• Study Resource
  • Explore
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
PDF
PDF

... A family of small homodimeric proteins termed neurotrophins plays a key role in the development of the vertebrate nervous system. Some of the most extensive information on the function of these proteins has come from work on sensory neurons and their progenitors. At an early developmental stage, the ...
Spatial and Temporal Structure of Receptive Fields in Primate
Spatial and Temporal Structure of Receptive Fields in Primate

... inhibition accounts for all these observations (DiCarlo and Johnson, 1999). These two explanations make different predictions about the responses to stimuli scanned in different directions. If the excitatory and inhibitory effects are all brief and synchronous, then the RF obtained from our methods ...
themes - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
themes - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology

... activating and modifying the intrinsic esophageal peristaltic reflex. The intrinsic esophageal peristalsis is mediated by the NANC inhibitory and cholinergic excitatory myenteric neurons acting in concert. Although usually termed inhibitory, stimulation of the NANC nerves in smooth muscle strips eli ...
Comparison of the Distributions of lpsilaterally and Contralaterally
Comparison of the Distributions of lpsilaterally and Contralaterally

... This anatomical organization may be the basis for a precise channeling of differential information at the single neuron level. Each of the cat’s numerous cortical representations of the visual hemifield is interconnected with many other cortical areas in both hemispheres. Two strongly interconnected ...
Sound processing by local neural populations in the
Sound processing by local neural populations in the

... until recently, this has been technically impossible to do in vivo, because electrophysiological recording techniques cannot densely probe neurons at this spatial resolution, while optical techniques to monitor neural physiology have been limited to use at the surface of the tissue. Recently, this h ...
ORGANIZATION OF NEUROPIL
ORGANIZATION OF NEUROPIL

... commissures. The fibers of the tracts are either axons or extended, unbranched portions of the dendritic arborizations. 4) The fourth and final division is the central neuropil, the neuron feltwork. In many cases it represents the major portion of the ganglion. The term neuropil, however, has beef, ...
Invulnerability of retinal ganglion cells to NMDA excitotoxicity
Invulnerability of retinal ganglion cells to NMDA excitotoxicity

... a single family for AMPA receptors (GluR1, 2, 3, 4), two for kainate (GluR5, 6, 7 and KA1, 2), and three for NMDA (NR1, NR2A, B, C, D, and NR3A, B) (Dingledine et al., 1999). These subunits combine into multimeric complexes to form functional receptor channels. To form an NMDA receptor, for instance ...
Regulation of neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus by
Regulation of neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus by

... Neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) play a critical role in the regulation of autonomic functions. Previous studies indicated that central activation of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) has beneficial effects on homeostasis, most likely via modulation of the autonomic output. Sirtuins are NAD+ - ...
Action Potential Backpropagation and Somato
Action Potential Backpropagation and Somato

... length (length from origin to termination) has been found to be on average 151 ␮m (range 58 –193 ␮m) in TC neurons of the adult rat somatosensory thalamus (Ohara and Havton, 1994). In the present investigation, dLGN TC neurons were visually identified using interference contrast video microscopy (se ...
Reuss 9..48
Reuss 9..48

... figs. 4A±C), and no mammalian species has been discovered that would lack nNOS in the SCN. Most of the substances mentioned above were till now identified in the human SCN as well. For example, AVP, VIP and TRH mRNA were detected in neurons [Guldenaar et al., 1996; Zhou et al., 1996; Hofman, 1997]. ...
Wild type human TDP-43 potentiates ALS-linked mutant TDP
Wild type human TDP-43 potentiates ALS-linked mutant TDP

... defective RNA processing or aberrant assembly of these aggregation prone proteins [16, 17] are mechanistic contributors in the pathogenesis of ALS. TDP-43 is a 414 amino acid protein, consisting of two RNA recognition motifs (RRM1 and RRM2) [18, 19], a nuclear import and export signal [20], and a gl ...
the neurobiology of nicotine addiction: bridging the gap from
the neurobiology of nicotine addiction: bridging the gap from

... and nicotine8,23,24. Much evidence implicates the VTA and its associated efferent and afferent projections as an integrative centre for the psychoactive effects of nicotine. Within the VTA, DA neurons (designated as the A10 DA group), and their associated ascending projections to the nucleus accumbe ...
Mechanisms of gustatory coding in Spodoptera littoralis
Mechanisms of gustatory coding in Spodoptera littoralis

... Taste is one of the fundamental senses by which animals can detect food sources (sugars, salts, lipids, amino acids) but also noxious compounds dissolved in aqueous solution or adsorbed on surfaces (leaf, cuticle). Unlike olfaction, where only cephalic organs are involved in the detection of volatil ...
Introduction - Bowling Green State University
Introduction - Bowling Green State University

... The mesolimbic dopaminergic system has received considerable attention in the literature due to its involvement in a range of psychological processes and neuropsychiatric diseases. In fact, after the development of the dopaminergic theory of schizophrenia (Carlsson 1974, 1978, 1988, Meltzer & Stahl ...
Gao JCN 2000 - Georgia State University
Gao JCN 2000 - Georgia State University

... The neuronal morphology and areal and laminar distribution of both PV-ir and CB-ir neurons were qualitatively observed in cortical areas V1 and AI from each age group. For quantitative analysis, both Nissl- and adjacent antibodylabeled sections were used. Some of the Nissl-stained sections used in t ...
DEPARTAMENT DE FARMACOLOGIA, DE TERAPÈUTICA I DE TOXICOLOGIA
DEPARTAMENT DE FARMACOLOGIA, DE TERAPÈUTICA I DE TOXICOLOGIA

... laboratories as a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of hydrastinine, an astringent and clotting agent (Freudenmann et al., 2006). It was patented two years later but it never became marketed. In 1953, the US Army Chemical Centre conducted pioneering toxicological studies in animals but results ...
The Formation of Terminal Fields in the Absence of Competitive
The Formation of Terminal Fields in the Absence of Competitive

... cones follow a common pathway out of the spinal cord, and their axons are closely associated until they reach the horizontal septum, where they then proceed along divergent paths. By labeling individual CaP and RoP motoneurons with long-lasting vital fluorescent dyes, we were able to observe them di ...
Serotonin in Affective Control
Serotonin in Affective Control

... Serotonin is that most elusive of neurochemicals. Its fingerprints are on the scene of depression, anxiety, panic, aggression, dominance, obsessions, punishment, analgesia, behavioral inhibition, rhythmic motor activity, feeding, and more, in organisms from invertebrates to humans, and yet it has ne ...
Similar Inhibitory Processes Dominate the Responses of Cat Lateral
Similar Inhibitory Processes Dominate the Responses of Cat Lateral

... Bechara et al. 1995). The lateral amygdaloid (LAT) nucleus, a major recipient of cortical and thalamic sensory pathways to the amygdala (Amaral et al. 1992; LeDoux et al. 1985; Romanski and LeDoux 1992; Russchen 1982b; Turner et al. 1980) and source of afferents to other amygdaloid nuclei (Krettek a ...
Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Physiology and Metabolism by
Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Physiology and Metabolism by

... PPARs are predominantly nuclear and regulate transcription by heterodimerizing with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) as shown in Fig. 1. The receptor complex binds to a peroxisomal proliferator response element (PPRE) located in the regulatory region of a gene and binds to DNA in the absence of ligands ...
Inhibitory control in high functioning autism: Decreased activation
Inhibitory control in high functioning autism: Decreased activation

... neuronal connectivity is essential for the ability to exert top-down control that allows voluntary response suppression. Investigating response inhibition from an underconnectivity perspective places a focus not only on the regions found to be involved in accomplishing inhibition but also on the coo ...
Scrapie in the central nervous system
Scrapie in the central nervous system

... infectivity in optic nerve from 21 days p.i. Between one and five of the 12 assay mice killed at 21, 35, 56 and 77 days p.i. died with scrapie. These groups therefore received less than one ID50 infectious unit of inoculum. Optic nerve titres were corrected for dilution, but the plateau from 140 day ...
- Columbia University Medical Center
- Columbia University Medical Center

... that the developmentally regulated expression of type II cadherins defines specific motor pools. Expression of one type II cadherin, MN-cadherin, regulates the segregation of motor pools that are normally distinguished by expression of this protein. Type II cadherins are also expressed by propriocep ...
Neurobiological Mechanisms of the Placebo Effect
Neurobiological Mechanisms of the Placebo Effect

... model to understand the neurobiological mechanisms of the placebo response. In this case, patients are given an inert substance (the placebo) and are told that it is an antiparkinsonian drug that produces an improvement in their motor performance. A recent study used positron emission tomography (PE ...
Calcium homeostasis in aging neurons
Calcium homeostasis in aging neurons

... system is acting to remove Ca2+ , energy is supplied by the electrochemical gradient that ultimately results from the activity of the plasma membrane Na+ /K+ ATPase (Na+ pump). Plasma membrane Ca2+ pump has a higher affinity for Ca2+ (K d = 100 nM) but a very slow turnover, whereas NCX has a much low ...
< 1 ... 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 ... 206 >

Endocannabinoid system

The endocannabinoid system is a group of neuromodulatory lipids and their receptors in the brain that are involved in a variety of physiological processes including appetite, pain-sensation, mood, and memory; it mediates the psychoactive effects of cannabis and, broadly speaking, includes: The endogenous arachidonate-based lipids, anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamide, AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG); these are known as ""endocannabinoids"" and are physiological ligands for the cannabinoid receptors. Endocannabinoids are all eicosanoids. The enzymes that synthesize and degrade the endocannabinoids, such as fatty acid amide hydrolase or monoacylglycerol lipase. The cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, two G protein-coupled receptors that are located in the central and peripheral nervous systems.The neurons, neural pathways, and other cells where these molecules, enzymes, and one or both cannabinoid receptor types are all colocalized form the endocannabinoid system.The endocannabinoid system has been studied using genetic and pharmacological methods. These studies have revealed that cannabinoids act as neuromodulators for a variety of processes, including motor learning, appetite, and pain sensation, among other cognitive and physical processes. The localization of the CB1 receptor in the endocannabinoid system has a very large degree of overlap with the orexinergic projection system, which mediates many of the same functions, both physical and cognitive. Moreover, CB1 is colocalized on orexin projection neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and many output structures of the orexin system, where the CB1 and orexin receptor 1 (OX1) receptors physically and functionally join together to form the CB1–OX1 receptor heterodimer.
  • studyres.com © 2025
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report