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Mechanisms of developmental neurite pruning
Mechanisms of developmental neurite pruning

... consequence, we will neither discuss all of the neuronal systems that undergo remodeling nor all of the important work done in the field. The term ‘‘developmental neuronal remodeling’’ is often used to describe a relatively wide range of biological processes including synapse elimination or strength ...
Bin Presentation(sulfonic)3 - Indiana University Bloomington
Bin Presentation(sulfonic)3 - Indiana University Bloomington

... from agonist to a highly specific antagonist with modest agonist activity (peptide 7). We conclude that the differences in performance provides opportunity to identify more optimal antagonists through further structure-function study. ...
Nicotine injections into the ventral tegmental area increase
Nicotine injections into the ventral tegmental area increase

... activity and may, accordingly, be activated by various stimuli, including drugs (see Ref. [28] for review). Thus, the expression of c-/os and other immediate early genes has been found to be increased in DA target areas by several drugs which increase the extracellular concentration of DA such as co ...
Corina Wirth and Hans
Corina Wirth and Hans

... Interneurons are also interconnected by GABAergic synapses and gap junctions and, in addition, form autapses (Bacci et al. 2003; Gibson et al. 1999). Porter et al. (2001) found a preponderance of L4 interneurons directed to L2/3 suggesting that the flow of inhibition in the barrel cortex after thala ...
Cloning of adiponectin receptors that mediate antidiabetic metabolic
Cloning of adiponectin receptors that mediate antidiabetic metabolic

... and ameliorates insulin resistance in mice5–7. Conversely, adiponectin-deficient mice exhibit insulin resistance and diabetes8,9. This insulin-sensitizing effect of adiponectin seems to be mediated by an increase in fatty-acid oxidation through activation of AMP kinase10,11 and PPAR-a5,6,12. Here we ...
GABAergic neuron distribution in the pedunculopontine nucleus
GABAergic neuron distribution in the pedunculopontine nucleus

... Indeed, recent studies have shown that there are also functional differences between the two portions of the PPN, which have been evaluated in terms of behavioral responses following excitotoxic lesions or electrical stimulation (Alderson et al., 2006, 2008; Andero et al., 2007). Taken together, the ...
Primitive Roles for Inhibitory Interneurons in Developing Frog Spinal
Primitive Roles for Inhibitory Interneurons in Developing Frog Spinal

... (Roberts, 2000; Li et al., 2001). These are shown diagrammatically in Figure 1, where their functions are listed. We have recently established that one class of spinal interneuron with a very characteristic axonal projection pattern, called ascending interneurons (aINs), produces phasic, glycinergic ...
Impairment of a parabolic bursting rhythm by the ectopic expression
Impairment of a parabolic bursting rhythm by the ectopic expression

Production and Survival of Projection Neurons in a Forebrain Vocal
Production and Survival of Projection Neurons in a Forebrain Vocal

... ventricular zone (VZ) cells immediately above HVC retained )H-label after long survivals in many of the birds used. As this region of VZ represents the shortest possible route for migration of new neurons into HVC, it may be a site for the formation of HVC neurons. More important for the present stu ...
Propagation of Epileptiform Events across the Corpus Callosum in a
Propagation of Epileptiform Events across the Corpus Callosum in a

Time-Dependent Activation of Feed-Forward Inhibition in
Time-Dependent Activation of Feed-Forward Inhibition in

Stimulation of GABAergic neurons of the lateral septum and its effect
Stimulation of GABAergic neurons of the lateral septum and its effect

... dopaminergic neurons of the VTA, which in turn project to the nucleus accumbens to reinforce behaviors (Sheehan et al., 2004). The brain circuitry described is the mesolimbic dopamine system, which is known to be involved in the reinforcement of natural reinforcers, conditioned reinforcers, and drug ...
Aggression in Drosophila - American Psychological Association
Aggression in Drosophila - American Psychological Association

... This new arena improves all behavioral parameters measured and in particular preserves the learning and memory that accompanies fight outcomes. Fights between pairs of flies usually are monitored by videotaping for 30-min periods after the first social interaction (called an encounter) between flies ...
Zinc Alters Excitatory Amino Acid Neurotoxicity on Cortical Neurons
Zinc Alters Excitatory Amino Acid Neurotoxicity on Cortical Neurons

... myriad metabolic processes(Vallee, 1959), histochemicalmethods have revealed foci of chelatableZn (Danscher et al., 198.5), specifically in forebrain neuropil (Haug, 1973), and ultrastructural studies have further suggestedthat much of this Zn is located within certain synaptic vesicles in excitator ...
Measurement of apolipoprotein E and amyloid β clearance rates in
Measurement of apolipoprotein E and amyloid β clearance rates in

... the FCR of Aβ, suggesting that ABCA1 does not regulate Aβ metabolism in the brain. Conclusions: Our SILK strategy represents a straightforward, cost-effective, and efficient method to measure the clearance of proteins in the mouse brain. We expect that this technique will be applicable to the study ...
Cardiovascular depressor responses to stimulation of substantia
Cardiovascular depressor responses to stimulation of substantia

... dopamine (DA) neurons that form the mesotelencephalic DA pathway that innervates the striatum, cerebral cortex, and limbic system (15–17). This mesotelencephalic DA pathway is generally thought to function in the regulation of motor and behavioral responses mediated by neuronal mechanisms in the for ...
as a PDF - CiteSeerX
as a PDF - CiteSeerX

... Activation—Pepsinogen was activated at various concentrations at pH 2.0, and the activation process was analyzed by SDS-disc gel electrophoresis (Fig. 1). In all cases, pepsinogen disappeared rapidly after acidification. The resulting protein species were detected as two bands; one of them had the s ...
Reticular Formation
Reticular Formation

... pattern to waking state ...
PAS kinase is required for normal cellular energy
PAS kinase is required for normal cellular energy

... ecause of changes in diet and lifestyle, the incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes is increasing dramatically worldwide. Type 2 diabetes arises when pancreatic ␤-cells fail to secrete sufficient insulin to compensate for peripheral insulin resistance, a condition severely aggravated by obesity (1 ...
Kisspeptin Signaling Is Required for the Luteinizing Introduction of Males
Kisspeptin Signaling Is Required for the Luteinizing Introduction of Males

... The precise neuroendocrine pathway in sheep linking pheromones and the olfactory system to GnRH secretion is yet to be accurately determined [4]. Within the brain, assessment of neural activation (via the protein product of immediate early gene FOS) has shed light on the possible pathways from olfac ...
Clarke`s column neurons as the focus of a corticospinal corollary circuit
Clarke`s column neurons as the focus of a corticospinal corollary circuit

... involved in internal motor predictions15,16, although the local circuitry underlying convergence in these regions is obscure. ...
A computational model of action selection in the basal ganglia. I. A
A computational model of action selection in the basal ganglia. I. A

... from medium spiny cells associated with D1-type receptors, while GPe receives projections mainly from cells with D2-type receptors (Gerfen et al. 1990). The projections to GPi/SNr are also associated with collaterals to GPe, but these tend to be much less heavily branched ± and ®ll a smaller volume ...
Short title: Thalamocortical computations during tactile sensation
Short title: Thalamocortical computations during tactile sensation

... is that that the first letter corresponds to the post-synaptic neuron and the second letter to the ...
Macrophages Promote Axon Regeneration with Concurrent Neurotoxicity
Macrophages Promote Axon Regeneration with Concurrent Neurotoxicity

... site and the area where MDMs infiltrate. These areas were manually outlined for 3D rendering. Blue shading corresponds with automated threshold scans of OX42⫹ microglia in white matter. GM, Gray matter. E, F, Graded levels of myelin loss (MBP; red) surround the zymosan injection site. EGFP⫹ DRG axon ...
9 Propagated Signaling: The Action Potential
9 Propagated Signaling: The Action Potential

... A. A small depolarization is accompanied by capacitive and leakage currents (Ic and Il, respectively). B. A larger depolarization results in larger capacitive and leakage currents, plus an inward current followed by an outward current. C. Depolarizing the cell in the presence of tetrodotoxin (which ...
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Endocannabinoid system

The endocannabinoid system is a group of neuromodulatory lipids and their receptors in the brain that are involved in a variety of physiological processes including appetite, pain-sensation, mood, and memory; it mediates the psychoactive effects of cannabis and, broadly speaking, includes: The endogenous arachidonate-based lipids, anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamide, AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG); these are known as ""endocannabinoids"" and are physiological ligands for the cannabinoid receptors. Endocannabinoids are all eicosanoids. The enzymes that synthesize and degrade the endocannabinoids, such as fatty acid amide hydrolase or monoacylglycerol lipase. The cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, two G protein-coupled receptors that are located in the central and peripheral nervous systems.The neurons, neural pathways, and other cells where these molecules, enzymes, and one or both cannabinoid receptor types are all colocalized form the endocannabinoid system.The endocannabinoid system has been studied using genetic and pharmacological methods. These studies have revealed that cannabinoids act as neuromodulators for a variety of processes, including motor learning, appetite, and pain sensation, among other cognitive and physical processes. The localization of the CB1 receptor in the endocannabinoid system has a very large degree of overlap with the orexinergic projection system, which mediates many of the same functions, both physical and cognitive. Moreover, CB1 is colocalized on orexin projection neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and many output structures of the orexin system, where the CB1 and orexin receptor 1 (OX1) receptors physically and functionally join together to form the CB1–OX1 receptor heterodimer.
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