olfaction
... the nose in the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone passes 40 or so bundles of axons form right and left olfactory nerves They terminate in the olfactory bulbs – below the frontal lobes of the cerebrum Axons of the olfactory bulbs form the olfactory tract which projects to the primary olfactory ...
... the nose in the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone passes 40 or so bundles of axons form right and left olfactory nerves They terminate in the olfactory bulbs – below the frontal lobes of the cerebrum Axons of the olfactory bulbs form the olfactory tract which projects to the primary olfactory ...
Serum kisspeptin levels across different phases of the menstrual
... expression were found in diet-induced obese experimental rats compared with controls.16 Serum concentrations of kisspeptin and oestradiol both increased statistically significantly in the preovulatory phase when compared with the early follicular phase (table 1). Hence, our study indicates that as t ...
... expression were found in diet-induced obese experimental rats compared with controls.16 Serum concentrations of kisspeptin and oestradiol both increased statistically significantly in the preovulatory phase when compared with the early follicular phase (table 1). Hence, our study indicates that as t ...
Receptive Fields of Second-order Neurons in the Olfactory Bulb of
... by which the olfactory system encodes and processes information from odorant stimuli have been proposed (Moulton and Beidler, 1967; Beets, 1970; Davies, 1971; Shepherd, 1972; Moulton, 1976). Several of these theories assume the existence of a spatially organized projection of receptor neurons onto t ...
... by which the olfactory system encodes and processes information from odorant stimuli have been proposed (Moulton and Beidler, 1967; Beets, 1970; Davies, 1971; Shepherd, 1972; Moulton, 1976). Several of these theories assume the existence of a spatially organized projection of receptor neurons onto t ...
Axonal Dopamine Receptors Activate Peripheral Spike
... Reuben, 1961), but apart from their terminals motor axons are not usually thought to be chemosensitive. However, the lateral gastric (LG) motor neuron in the crab stomatogastric ganglion (STG) has peripheral spike initiation zones at a considerable distance from its target muscles that generate prol ...
... Reuben, 1961), but apart from their terminals motor axons are not usually thought to be chemosensitive. However, the lateral gastric (LG) motor neuron in the crab stomatogastric ganglion (STG) has peripheral spike initiation zones at a considerable distance from its target muscles that generate prol ...
Vestibular Signals in the Parasolitary Nucleus
... primary afferents project to secondary vestibular neurons located in the vestibular complex. Vestibular primary afferents also project to the uvula-nodulus of the cerebellum where they terminate on granule cells. In this report we describe the physiological properties of neurons in a “new” vestibula ...
... primary afferents project to secondary vestibular neurons located in the vestibular complex. Vestibular primary afferents also project to the uvula-nodulus of the cerebellum where they terminate on granule cells. In this report we describe the physiological properties of neurons in a “new” vestibula ...
Basal Forebrain Cholinergic System Is Involved in Rapid Nerve
... icits in both area and projection density of BF cells to the cortex. It is clear that NGF plays a role in maintaining the BF cholinergic projections to the cortex. Two key findings have also suggested the possibility that NGF can also induce immediate release of ACh. Knipper and collaborators obtain ...
... icits in both area and projection density of BF cells to the cortex. It is clear that NGF plays a role in maintaining the BF cholinergic projections to the cortex. Two key findings have also suggested the possibility that NGF can also induce immediate release of ACh. Knipper and collaborators obtain ...
A dendritic disinhibitory circuit mechanism for pathway
... neurons5. Long-range connections from cortical6,7 or subcortical8 areas can activate VIP neurons, which in turn suppress SOM neurons, and disinhibit pyramidal dendrites. Such dendritic disinhibitory circuit is proposed to gate excitatory inputs targeting pyramidal dendrites9–11 (Fig. 1a). Insofar as ...
... neurons5. Long-range connections from cortical6,7 or subcortical8 areas can activate VIP neurons, which in turn suppress SOM neurons, and disinhibit pyramidal dendrites. Such dendritic disinhibitory circuit is proposed to gate excitatory inputs targeting pyramidal dendrites9–11 (Fig. 1a). Insofar as ...
Review Spectrin and calpain
... On the basis of numerous studies, a rise in the concentration of intracellular calcium has been identified as a primary trigger for pathology caused by various tissuedamaging factors. Such a condition is typical of neurons undergoing either ischemia, trauma or action of excitotoxins. Disturbances in ...
... On the basis of numerous studies, a rise in the concentration of intracellular calcium has been identified as a primary trigger for pathology caused by various tissuedamaging factors. Such a condition is typical of neurons undergoing either ischemia, trauma or action of excitotoxins. Disturbances in ...
hypothalamus, pit..
... division of the midline structures of the brain. In its most severe form, holoprosencephaly results in cyclopia and complete or partial loss of the hypothalamus, which is not compatible with life. In its more mild forms, holoprosencephaly can manifest with endocrine abnormalities because of defectiv ...
... division of the midline structures of the brain. In its most severe form, holoprosencephaly results in cyclopia and complete or partial loss of the hypothalamus, which is not compatible with life. In its more mild forms, holoprosencephaly can manifest with endocrine abnormalities because of defectiv ...
New Roles for the External Globus Pallidus in Basal Ganglia Circuits
... responses to “Go” and “Stop” cues involve a race between information processing in distinct BG pathways (Schmidt et al., 2013). The reaction time to respond to a Go cue reflects the relatively slow evolution of neural processing within the striatum (Leventhal et al., 2014). The striatum provides dir ...
... responses to “Go” and “Stop” cues involve a race between information processing in distinct BG pathways (Schmidt et al., 2013). The reaction time to respond to a Go cue reflects the relatively slow evolution of neural processing within the striatum (Leventhal et al., 2014). The striatum provides dir ...
Synchronisation hubs in the visual cortex may arise from strong
... responses, we computed the oscillation score, as described previously (Muresan et al., 2008). In brief, this measure is based on analysing the power spectrum of autocorrelation histograms (ACHs) computed with 1-ms resolution (see below). The oscillation score is defined as the ratio between the peak ...
... responses, we computed the oscillation score, as described previously (Muresan et al., 2008). In brief, this measure is based on analysing the power spectrum of autocorrelation histograms (ACHs) computed with 1-ms resolution (see below). The oscillation score is defined as the ratio between the peak ...
Synaptic plasticity: taming the beast
... which neurons become selective to the linear combination of their inputs with the maximum variance. This is, in some sense, the most interesting and informative combination of inputs to which the neuron can become responsive. Activity manipulations scale both AMPA- and NMDA-receptormediated forms of ...
... which neurons become selective to the linear combination of their inputs with the maximum variance. This is, in some sense, the most interesting and informative combination of inputs to which the neuron can become responsive. Activity manipulations scale both AMPA- and NMDA-receptormediated forms of ...
Mechanisms of Leptin Action and Leptin Resistance
... and leptin-deficient ob/ob animals (3). The function of short-form LRs is less clear, although proposed roles include the transport of leptin across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the production of circulating LR extracellular domain to complex with leptin (10, 11). Many of the effects of leptin r ...
... and leptin-deficient ob/ob animals (3). The function of short-form LRs is less clear, although proposed roles include the transport of leptin across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the production of circulating LR extracellular domain to complex with leptin (10, 11). Many of the effects of leptin r ...
Role of the Basal Ganglia in the Control of Purposive - lsr
... basal ganglia to saccadic eye movement (sects. IV–VI). The second part will, hopefully, be continued into the third part smoothly, where we describe the results of recent studies on cognitive or motivational aspects of motor control (sects. VII and VIII). The issues dealt with in the third part are ...
... basal ganglia to saccadic eye movement (sects. IV–VI). The second part will, hopefully, be continued into the third part smoothly, where we describe the results of recent studies on cognitive or motivational aspects of motor control (sects. VII and VIII). The issues dealt with in the third part are ...
Different levels of Ih determine distinct temporal integration in
... steps were given from a holding potential of −50 mV was used to elicit I h . In bursting neurons, this resulted in slowly activating inward currents that were considerably larger in amplitude in bursting neurons than those in regular-spiking neurons (Fig. 2A). The current–voltage (I–V ) relationship ...
... steps were given from a holding potential of −50 mV was used to elicit I h . In bursting neurons, this resulted in slowly activating inward currents that were considerably larger in amplitude in bursting neurons than those in regular-spiking neurons (Fig. 2A). The current–voltage (I–V ) relationship ...
Thalamocortical neuron loss and localized astrocytosis in the Cln3
... cell populations, events which occur many months before widespread neuronal loss is evident (Pontikis et al., 2004). Cln3 / mice and individuals with JNCL also raise autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) that inhibit the activity of this enzyme, resulting in elevated levels of glutam ...
... cell populations, events which occur many months before widespread neuronal loss is evident (Pontikis et al., 2004). Cln3 / mice and individuals with JNCL also raise autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) that inhibit the activity of this enzyme, resulting in elevated levels of glutam ...
10-Sensation of Taste lecture
... Primary modalities of taste: – Sour – Salt – Sweet – Bitter – umami (deliciousness), a taste associated with glutamate & other nucleotides has receptors located at the back of the pharynx. ...
... Primary modalities of taste: – Sour – Salt – Sweet – Bitter – umami (deliciousness), a taste associated with glutamate & other nucleotides has receptors located at the back of the pharynx. ...
Molecular and functional anatomy of the mouse olfactory epithelium
... The olfactory system is important for social behaviors, feeding and avoiding predators. Detection of odorous molecules is made by odorant receptors on specialized sensory neurons in the olfactory epithelial sheet. The olfactory sensory neurons are organized into a few regions or “zones” based on the ...
... The olfactory system is important for social behaviors, feeding and avoiding predators. Detection of odorous molecules is made by odorant receptors on specialized sensory neurons in the olfactory epithelial sheet. The olfactory sensory neurons are organized into a few regions or “zones” based on the ...
Document
... TB_02_20 Neurons: The Messengers_Understand_LO 2.2 If an incoming message is not strong enough to cause a neuron to fire, it may cause a shift in the electrical charge of just a tiny area of the neuron. This shift, which quickly fades away, is called a(n) ________. a. resting potential b. action pot ...
... TB_02_20 Neurons: The Messengers_Understand_LO 2.2 If an incoming message is not strong enough to cause a neuron to fire, it may cause a shift in the electrical charge of just a tiny area of the neuron. This shift, which quickly fades away, is called a(n) ________. a. resting potential b. action pot ...
Psychopharmacology of conditioned reward
... stimuli and reward processes interact in a highly specific manner; analyses of this phenomenon may provide valuable insight into the processes that underlie reward-related learning. The effects of dopaminergic agents with different mechanisms of action in this paradigm have revealed several interest ...
... stimuli and reward processes interact in a highly specific manner; analyses of this phenomenon may provide valuable insight into the processes that underlie reward-related learning. The effects of dopaminergic agents with different mechanisms of action in this paradigm have revealed several interest ...
Number, Density, and Surface/Cytoplasmic
... mice carrying GFP fusions of membrane proteins provide quantitative data required for understanding the details of synaptic transmission in living neurons. ...
... mice carrying GFP fusions of membrane proteins provide quantitative data required for understanding the details of synaptic transmission in living neurons. ...
Temporal coding in the gustatory system
... proponents of the labeled line theory argue that neurons that encode a given taste quality are those that respond most vigorously to exemplars of that quality relative to other taste qualities. These cells are then identified by their ‘‘best’’ stimulus among representatives of the basic taste qualiti ...
... proponents of the labeled line theory argue that neurons that encode a given taste quality are those that respond most vigorously to exemplars of that quality relative to other taste qualities. These cells are then identified by their ‘‘best’’ stimulus among representatives of the basic taste qualiti ...
Characterization of carnitine and fatty acid metabolism in the long
... Half of the 80 % acetonitrile supernatant was evaporated under a stream of nitrogen at 40 ◦C. A 100 µl volume of propylation reagent, a 4:1 (v/v) mixture of propan-2-ol and acetylchloride, was added to the residue, vortex-mixed and incubated at 65 ◦C for 15 min. The propylation reagent was evaporate ...
... Half of the 80 % acetonitrile supernatant was evaporated under a stream of nitrogen at 40 ◦C. A 100 µl volume of propylation reagent, a 4:1 (v/v) mixture of propan-2-ol and acetylchloride, was added to the residue, vortex-mixed and incubated at 65 ◦C for 15 min. The propylation reagent was evaporate ...