Lecture 8 - People Server at UNCW
... • Examine neural control of breathing • Respiratory centers in the brain • Peripheral input to respirator centers ...
... • Examine neural control of breathing • Respiratory centers in the brain • Peripheral input to respirator centers ...
2b.-Citric-Acid-Cycle
... • This cycle results in the generation of ATP in one of the steps, the release of carbon 6dioxide in 2 of the steps and the regeneration of oxaloacetate in the ...
... • This cycle results in the generation of ATP in one of the steps, the release of carbon 6dioxide in 2 of the steps and the regeneration of oxaloacetate in the ...
Biochemistry Study Guide – Exam 1
... Chapter 4: Energy and Metabolism: Thermodynamics Thermodynamics 1st and 2nd laws Energy, entropy, enthalpy Equations for enthalpy change Free energy and free energy changes ...
... Chapter 4: Energy and Metabolism: Thermodynamics Thermodynamics 1st and 2nd laws Energy, entropy, enthalpy Equations for enthalpy change Free energy and free energy changes ...
Basic Chemistry - Biology with Radjewski
... • They can attain stability by sharing electrons with other atoms (covalent bond) or by losing or gaining electrons (ionic bond) • The atoms are then bonded together into molecules. • Octet rule—atoms with at least two electron shells form stable molecules so they have eight electrons in their outer ...
... • They can attain stability by sharing electrons with other atoms (covalent bond) or by losing or gaining electrons (ionic bond) • The atoms are then bonded together into molecules. • Octet rule—atoms with at least two electron shells form stable molecules so they have eight electrons in their outer ...
Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Krebs Cycle Oxidative Phosphorylation
... NADH (~ 3 ATP after ET) Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs Cycle Anaerobic: occurs in cytoplasm Pyruvate + NADH → Lactate + NAD+ no ATP produced; makes NAD+ needed for glycolysis to continue Part of the Cori Cycle at right ...
... NADH (~ 3 ATP after ET) Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs Cycle Anaerobic: occurs in cytoplasm Pyruvate + NADH → Lactate + NAD+ no ATP produced; makes NAD+ needed for glycolysis to continue Part of the Cori Cycle at right ...
enzymes 194 kb enzymes
... appropriate atoms in the correct orientations. More importantly however, some of the binding energy contributes directly to the catalysis. They provide an alternative reactions pathway of lower activation energy, by passing substrate molecules through a series of intermediate steps of altered geomet ...
... appropriate atoms in the correct orientations. More importantly however, some of the binding energy contributes directly to the catalysis. They provide an alternative reactions pathway of lower activation energy, by passing substrate molecules through a series of intermediate steps of altered geomet ...
Name
... Write the letter that best answers the question or completes the statement on the line provided. _____ 1. How do organisms get the energy they need? a. by burning food molecules and releasing their energy as heat b. by breathing oxygen into the lungs and combining it with carbon dioxide c. by breaki ...
... Write the letter that best answers the question or completes the statement on the line provided. _____ 1. How do organisms get the energy they need? a. by burning food molecules and releasing their energy as heat b. by breathing oxygen into the lungs and combining it with carbon dioxide c. by breaki ...
Chapter 12 (part 1) - Nevada Agricultural Experiment
... Succinate Dehydrogenase • An oxidation involving FAD • Mechanism involves hydride removal by FAD and a deprotonation • This enzyme is actually part of the electron transport pathway in the inner mitochondrial membrane • The electrons transferred from succinate to FAD (to form FADH2) are passed dir ...
... Succinate Dehydrogenase • An oxidation involving FAD • Mechanism involves hydride removal by FAD and a deprotonation • This enzyme is actually part of the electron transport pathway in the inner mitochondrial membrane • The electrons transferred from succinate to FAD (to form FADH2) are passed dir ...
Chapters 13 and 16
... and leave the cycle. The energy in succinyl-CoA is used to generate a GTP molecule (equivalent to an ATP). 6) Succinate +FAD → Fumarate + FADH2 E=Succinate dehydrogenase (part of e-transport) This reaction has ΔG=-8.4 kJ/mole+0.4 kJ/mole (reversible). The enzyme is inhibited by oxaloacetate and malo ...
... and leave the cycle. The energy in succinyl-CoA is used to generate a GTP molecule (equivalent to an ATP). 6) Succinate +FAD → Fumarate + FADH2 E=Succinate dehydrogenase (part of e-transport) This reaction has ΔG=-8.4 kJ/mole+0.4 kJ/mole (reversible). The enzyme is inhibited by oxaloacetate and malo ...
Krebs (Citric Acid) Cycle
... acid cycle occurs in the cytoplasm; in eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria. The Krebs Cycle is the source for the precursors of many molecules, so it is an amphibolic pathway (meaning it is both anabolic and catabolic). ...
... acid cycle occurs in the cytoplasm; in eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria. The Krebs Cycle is the source for the precursors of many molecules, so it is an amphibolic pathway (meaning it is both anabolic and catabolic). ...
The Citric Acid Cycle - Rubin Risto Gulaboski
... • In this class we will discuss some of the major reactions: – Glyco - Lysis (glycolysis) – The Citric Acid Cycle – The Electron Transport Chain ...
... • In this class we will discuss some of the major reactions: – Glyco - Lysis (glycolysis) – The Citric Acid Cycle – The Electron Transport Chain ...
Team Hockey: Glucose and ATP
... • Most of ATP produced in this step (up to 34). • About 17 NADH (from Citric Acid Cycle) made into 2 ATP each, producing around 34 ATP. ...
... • Most of ATP produced in this step (up to 34). • About 17 NADH (from Citric Acid Cycle) made into 2 ATP each, producing around 34 ATP. ...
Histology Cell Organelles By Dr. Nand Lal Dhomeja
... It is impermeable to most ions including H, Na, ATP, GTP, CTP etc and to large molecules. ...
... It is impermeable to most ions including H, Na, ATP, GTP, CTP etc and to large molecules. ...
Lecture 24 (4/29/13) "The Food You Eat
... oxidation of sugar in a cell, compared with ordinary burning (A) In the cell, enzymes catalyze oxidation via a series of small steps in which free energy is transferred in conveniently sized packets to carrier molecules—most often ATP and NADH. At each step, an enzyme controls the reaction by reduci ...
... oxidation of sugar in a cell, compared with ordinary burning (A) In the cell, enzymes catalyze oxidation via a series of small steps in which free energy is transferred in conveniently sized packets to carrier molecules—most often ATP and NADH. At each step, an enzyme controls the reaction by reduci ...
Enzymes - TeacherWeb
... how acidic or basic it is An acid releases a hydrogen ion (H+) when it dissolves; bases take them up pH scale from 0-14 Pure water neutral: pH7 Acids:<7 Bases: >7 ...
... how acidic or basic it is An acid releases a hydrogen ion (H+) when it dissolves; bases take them up pH scale from 0-14 Pure water neutral: pH7 Acids:<7 Bases: >7 ...
Overview of Energy and Metabolism
... A series of Oxidative Phosphorylation reactions Oxidation = the removal of electrons from a molecule and results in a decrease in the energy content of the molecule. Because most biological reactions involve the loss of hydrogen atoms, they are called dehydrogenation reactions. Reduction = the oppos ...
... A series of Oxidative Phosphorylation reactions Oxidation = the removal of electrons from a molecule and results in a decrease in the energy content of the molecule. Because most biological reactions involve the loss of hydrogen atoms, they are called dehydrogenation reactions. Reduction = the oppos ...
RNA Molecules
... glucose that occurs through a series of enzyme-catalyzed steps called glycolysis. b. The result is two 3-C molecules of pyruvate. ...
... glucose that occurs through a series of enzyme-catalyzed steps called glycolysis. b. The result is two 3-C molecules of pyruvate. ...
Chapter 12 (part 1) - University of Nevada, Reno
... • Acetyl-CoA + 3 NAD+ + Q + GDP + Pi +2 H20 HS-CoA + 3NADH + QH2 + GTP + 2 CO2 + 2 H+ ...
... • Acetyl-CoA + 3 NAD+ + Q + GDP + Pi +2 H20 HS-CoA + 3NADH + QH2 + GTP + 2 CO2 + 2 H+ ...
Photosynthesis - John A. Ferguson Senior High School
... supply the carbon component of carbohydrates. 20. In many plants, the rate of photosynthesis when the weather becomes very cold. Figure 8–5 ...
... supply the carbon component of carbohydrates. 20. In many plants, the rate of photosynthesis when the weather becomes very cold. Figure 8–5 ...
Name
... supply the carbon component of carbohydrates. 20. In many plants, the rate of photosynthesis the weather becomes very cold. ...
... supply the carbon component of carbohydrates. 20. In many plants, the rate of photosynthesis the weather becomes very cold. ...
File - John Robert Warner
... supply the carbon component of carbohydrates. 20. In many plants, the rate of photosynthesis when the weather becomes very cold. Figure 8–5 ...
... supply the carbon component of carbohydrates. 20. In many plants, the rate of photosynthesis when the weather becomes very cold. Figure 8–5 ...
Photosynthesis- is the process that converts light energy
... considered to be a more ancient biochemical pathway. It is found in most photosynthetic bacteria and all photosynthetic eukaryotes. It consists of one photosystem (PSI) and a simple electron transport chain. At the end of the electron transport chain, the electron is returned to PS I. That being the ...
... considered to be a more ancient biochemical pathway. It is found in most photosynthetic bacteria and all photosynthetic eukaryotes. It consists of one photosystem (PSI) and a simple electron transport chain. At the end of the electron transport chain, the electron is returned to PS I. That being the ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.