Chapter_02_4E - Ironbark (xtelco)
... • Without oxygen present, pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis becomes lactic acid • 1 mole of glycogen produces 3 moles of ATP; 1 mole of glucose produces 2 moles of ATP because 1 mole is used to convert glucose to glucose-6phosphate • ATP-PCr and glycolysis provide the energy for ~2 min of all-out ...
... • Without oxygen present, pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis becomes lactic acid • 1 mole of glycogen produces 3 moles of ATP; 1 mole of glucose produces 2 moles of ATP because 1 mole is used to convert glucose to glucose-6phosphate • ATP-PCr and glycolysis provide the energy for ~2 min of all-out ...
I-1 I. Introduction BIOCHEMISTRY = METABOLISM At first you may
... The processing of acetyl CoA occurs by a cyclic reaction sequence alternatively called the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA cycle), Citric Acid Cycle or the Krebs' Cycle (regrettably to be confused with the Krebs’ Urea Cycle, that was actually discovered first). In this cycle the two carbon acetyl por ...
... The processing of acetyl CoA occurs by a cyclic reaction sequence alternatively called the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA cycle), Citric Acid Cycle or the Krebs' Cycle (regrettably to be confused with the Krebs’ Urea Cycle, that was actually discovered first). In this cycle the two carbon acetyl por ...
Cellular Respiration #2
... ATP were required to start the reaction, but glycolysis produces four ATP, resulting in a net gain of two ATP for glycolysis (-2+4=+2). What happens next depends on whether or not oxygen is present. If O2 is present, the aerobic respiration pathway is followed. If not, then anaerobic respiration occ ...
... ATP were required to start the reaction, but glycolysis produces four ATP, resulting in a net gain of two ATP for glycolysis (-2+4=+2). What happens next depends on whether or not oxygen is present. If O2 is present, the aerobic respiration pathway is followed. If not, then anaerobic respiration occ ...
LOYOLA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), CHENNAI – 600 034
... (4) The level of which one of the following enzymes will increase in serum following myocardial damage? (a) peroxidase (b) lactate dehydrogenase (c) cytochrome oxidase (d) protease (5) In vitro recombination is also known as (a) DNA shuffling (b) homologous recombination (c) transposition (d) in vit ...
... (4) The level of which one of the following enzymes will increase in serum following myocardial damage? (a) peroxidase (b) lactate dehydrogenase (c) cytochrome oxidase (d) protease (5) In vitro recombination is also known as (a) DNA shuffling (b) homologous recombination (c) transposition (d) in vit ...
Unit 3: Chapter 6
... i. all complex carbohydrates are _______________ of __________ joined together by ___________________ ii. ____saccharide ___saccharide _____saccharide iii. Glucose is the most common monosaccharide ...
... i. all complex carbohydrates are _______________ of __________ joined together by ___________________ ii. ____saccharide ___saccharide _____saccharide iii. Glucose is the most common monosaccharide ...
V. Chemical reactions
... 1. Oxygen has six outer shell electrons 2. Oxygen gains two electrons to have a full outer shell of 8 3. Oxygen has an oxidation number of 2d. There are no oxidation numbers above 4. F) Electrolytes a. Ionic compounds dissolved in water will conduct electricity ...
... 1. Oxygen has six outer shell electrons 2. Oxygen gains two electrons to have a full outer shell of 8 3. Oxygen has an oxidation number of 2d. There are no oxidation numbers above 4. F) Electrolytes a. Ionic compounds dissolved in water will conduct electricity ...
Cellular Respiration
... cost of food item or game). Not long after you arrive you realize that no vendor has change for a 100$ bill.You have 2 choices: 1. Use a 100$ bill for each purchase, over paying for everything and run out of money fast or 2. do not buy anything. Neither choice is reasonable. ...
... cost of food item or game). Not long after you arrive you realize that no vendor has change for a 100$ bill.You have 2 choices: 1. Use a 100$ bill for each purchase, over paying for everything and run out of money fast or 2. do not buy anything. Neither choice is reasonable. ...
Energy Photosynthesis Respiration Summary
... close and CO2 diffusion to stop so photosynthesis stops as well. ...
... close and CO2 diffusion to stop so photosynthesis stops as well. ...
File
... Monosaccharides- “one sugar” monosaccharides are simple sugars occurring in single chain or single ring structures with 3-7 carbon atoms. Glucose (blood sugar) is the universal cellular fuel. ...
... Monosaccharides- “one sugar” monosaccharides are simple sugars occurring in single chain or single ring structures with 3-7 carbon atoms. Glucose (blood sugar) is the universal cellular fuel. ...
Cellular Respiration
... • Broken into two parts: glycerol and the fatty acids, which store most E • Glycerol converts to G3P (PGAL) • Fatty acids are broken down by beta oxidation into 2-C fragments that enter Krebs as acetyl-CoA ...
... • Broken into two parts: glycerol and the fatty acids, which store most E • Glycerol converts to G3P (PGAL) • Fatty acids are broken down by beta oxidation into 2-C fragments that enter Krebs as acetyl-CoA ...
Cellular Respiration
... • Broken into two parts: glycerol and the fatty acids, which store most E • Glycerol converts to G3P (PGAL) • Fatty acids are broken down by beta oxidation into 2-C fragments that enter Krebs as acetyl-CoA ...
... • Broken into two parts: glycerol and the fatty acids, which store most E • Glycerol converts to G3P (PGAL) • Fatty acids are broken down by beta oxidation into 2-C fragments that enter Krebs as acetyl-CoA ...
Membrane Protein : Integral/Peripheral
... – Form hydrophilic pathways in the membrane – Water and certain ions can pass – Voltage-gated channels • Open or closed by changes in voltage across the membrane or by binding molecules • Eg. Muscle contractions ...
... – Form hydrophilic pathways in the membrane – Water and certain ions can pass – Voltage-gated channels • Open or closed by changes in voltage across the membrane or by binding molecules • Eg. Muscle contractions ...
Chapter 7A- Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis - TJ
... conversion of FAD2+ to FADH2 conversion of NADH to NAD+ a net loss of two ATPs per glucose molecule conversion of glucose to two pyruvates ...
... conversion of FAD2+ to FADH2 conversion of NADH to NAD+ a net loss of two ATPs per glucose molecule conversion of glucose to two pyruvates ...
Fatty Acid oxidation
... Slightly more complicated Requires additional enzymes Oxidation of unsaturated FAs produce less energy than that of saturated FAs (because they are less highly reduced, therefore, fewer reducing equivalents can be produced from these structures) ...
... Slightly more complicated Requires additional enzymes Oxidation of unsaturated FAs produce less energy than that of saturated FAs (because they are less highly reduced, therefore, fewer reducing equivalents can be produced from these structures) ...
Cellular Respiration Breathe in… breathe out… or not!
... Fermentation enables some cells to produce ATP without the help of oxygen • Glycolysis generates 2 ATP whether oxygen is present (aerobic) or not (anaerobic). • Fermentation can generate ATP from glucose as long as there is a supply of NAD+ to accept electrons. • If the NAD+ pool is exhausted, glyc ...
... Fermentation enables some cells to produce ATP without the help of oxygen • Glycolysis generates 2 ATP whether oxygen is present (aerobic) or not (anaerobic). • Fermentation can generate ATP from glucose as long as there is a supply of NAD+ to accept electrons. • If the NAD+ pool is exhausted, glyc ...
Cellular Respiration 2016
... Fermentation enables some cells to produce ATP without the help of oxygen • Glycolysis generates 2 ATP whether oxygen is present (aerobic) or not (anaerobic). • Fermentation can generate ATP from glucose as long as there is a supply of NAD+ to accept electrons. • If the NAD+ pool is exhausted, glyc ...
... Fermentation enables some cells to produce ATP without the help of oxygen • Glycolysis generates 2 ATP whether oxygen is present (aerobic) or not (anaerobic). • Fermentation can generate ATP from glucose as long as there is a supply of NAD+ to accept electrons. • If the NAD+ pool is exhausted, glyc ...
Energy Conversion Pathways 1. Substrate level phosphorylation
... of the CAC reaction steps [succinyl CoA synthetase] that couples GTP synthesis to thioester bond cleavage. Without Pi, this enzyme reaction is inhibited and radioactive carbon would only be found in cycle intermediates that precede this reaction step. 29. The addition of citrate increased the capaci ...
... of the CAC reaction steps [succinyl CoA synthetase] that couples GTP synthesis to thioester bond cleavage. Without Pi, this enzyme reaction is inhibited and radioactive carbon would only be found in cycle intermediates that precede this reaction step. 29. The addition of citrate increased the capaci ...
File - Mrs Jones A
... (oxygen) used in oxidative phosphorylation / is final electron acceptor / is final hydrogen acceptor; ...
... (oxygen) used in oxidative phosphorylation / is final electron acceptor / is final hydrogen acceptor; ...
Cellular Respiration
... acid produced in glycolysis is passed to the second stage of cellular respiration, the Krebs Cycle ...
... acid produced in glycolysis is passed to the second stage of cellular respiration, the Krebs Cycle ...
1495/Chapter 03
... chemiosmosis.) Figure 3.10 shows how electron transfer moves H+ ions. Recall that during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, ATP molecules are produced through substratelevel phosphorylation. In this process, the ADP molecule is phosphorylated. A phosphate group is moved from another substrate (like PEP ...
... chemiosmosis.) Figure 3.10 shows how electron transfer moves H+ ions. Recall that during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, ATP molecules are produced through substratelevel phosphorylation. In this process, the ADP molecule is phosphorylated. A phosphate group is moved from another substrate (like PEP ...
Pyruvate Oxidation and the Citric Acid Cycle
... formation of FADH2. Succinyl CoA releases coenzyme A, becoming succinate, the energy thus released converts GDP to GTP, which in turn converts ADP to ATP. ...
... formation of FADH2. Succinyl CoA releases coenzyme A, becoming succinate, the energy thus released converts GDP to GTP, which in turn converts ADP to ATP. ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.