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... → flux is substrate-limited. Example: steps 2, 4 For a step that is catalyzed by a relatively slow or scarce enzyme, the substrate/product ratio is greater than the equilibrium ratio. → flux is enzyme-limited. Example: steps 1, 3 ...
... → flux is substrate-limited. Example: steps 2, 4 For a step that is catalyzed by a relatively slow or scarce enzyme, the substrate/product ratio is greater than the equilibrium ratio. → flux is enzyme-limited. Example: steps 1, 3 ...
Citric acid cycle - Issaquah Connect
... Some of these proteins are “cytochromes” and contain Fe atoms The carriers alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons ...
... Some of these proteins are “cytochromes” and contain Fe atoms The carriers alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons ...
Anaerobic Respiration Gibb`s Free Energy PPT
... • In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
... • In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
Free Energy and Enzymes (Chapter 6) Outline Growing Old With
... components of electron transport systems located on various cell membranes. ...
... components of electron transport systems located on various cell membranes. ...
You Light Up My Life - Hillsborough Community College
... to generate the 32 ATP in the final stage? – 4 ATP - generated using electrons released during glycolysis and carried by NADH – 28 ATP - generated using electrons formed during second-stage reactions and carried by NADH and FADH2 ...
... to generate the 32 ATP in the final stage? – 4 ATP - generated using electrons released during glycolysis and carried by NADH – 28 ATP - generated using electrons formed during second-stage reactions and carried by NADH and FADH2 ...
Energy Production II - University of Massachusetts Amherst
... lactate), replaces blood glucose being used to maintain normal blood glucose levels. ...
... lactate), replaces blood glucose being used to maintain normal blood glucose levels. ...
File - Mr. Shanks` Class
... To calculate the energy released by lipid breakdown, there are two steps. Step One: beta-oxidation step that converts a long chain of carbons into a series of acetyl-CoA The oxidation of fatty acids into acetyl-CoA molecules requires the breaking of bonds, always one less bond that the number of ac ...
... To calculate the energy released by lipid breakdown, there are two steps. Step One: beta-oxidation step that converts a long chain of carbons into a series of acetyl-CoA The oxidation of fatty acids into acetyl-CoA molecules requires the breaking of bonds, always one less bond that the number of ac ...
Ultimate AP BIOLOGY REVIE
... membrane b) electrons are released from NADH and from FADH2 and as they are passed along the series of enzymes, they give up energy which is used to fuel a process called chemiosmosis by which H+ ions are actively transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the outer mitochondrial compa ...
... membrane b) electrons are released from NADH and from FADH2 and as they are passed along the series of enzymes, they give up energy which is used to fuel a process called chemiosmosis by which H+ ions are actively transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the outer mitochondrial compa ...
Nucleotide Metabolism - Indiana University
... • Forms covalent link to enzyme like normal • No elimination possible because proton replaced with fluorine ...
... • Forms covalent link to enzyme like normal • No elimination possible because proton replaced with fluorine ...
ATP - Mhanafi123`s Blog
... lactate include brain, gastrointestinal tract, renal medulla, retina, and skin. Lactate production is also increased in septic shock, and many cancers also produce lactate. ...
... lactate include brain, gastrointestinal tract, renal medulla, retina, and skin. Lactate production is also increased in septic shock, and many cancers also produce lactate. ...
IB-Respiration-Notepacket
... 3. Starting with one glucose from the beginning of glycolysis, how many “spins” of the cycle would occur? 4. As a result of these spins, how many of the following molecules are produced per glucose a. Carbon dioxide = (How many total does that bring us to?_________) b. ATP= (How many total does that ...
... 3. Starting with one glucose from the beginning of glycolysis, how many “spins” of the cycle would occur? 4. As a result of these spins, how many of the following molecules are produced per glucose a. Carbon dioxide = (How many total does that bring us to?_________) b. ATP= (How many total does that ...
enzymes - JonesHonorsBioGreen
... Citric Acid / Krebs Cycle – Page 97 ETC (Oxidative Phosphorylation)- Page 98 Fermentation – Page 101 Full sheet or Half sheet drawings – IN COLOR ...
... Citric Acid / Krebs Cycle – Page 97 ETC (Oxidative Phosphorylation)- Page 98 Fermentation – Page 101 Full sheet or Half sheet drawings – IN COLOR ...
Cell ENERGY & ENZYMES
... Citric Acid / Krebs Cycle – Page 97 ETC (Oxidative Phosphorylation)- Page 98 Fermentation – Page 101 Full sheet or Half sheet drawings – IN COLOR ...
... Citric Acid / Krebs Cycle – Page 97 ETC (Oxidative Phosphorylation)- Page 98 Fermentation – Page 101 Full sheet or Half sheet drawings – IN COLOR ...
Chapter 7
... Aerobic Respiration varies from cell to cell. (36-38) • Most eukaryotic cells produce only 36 molecules per glucose molecule because the active transport of NADH through a cell membrane uses up some ATP. • When 38 ATP molecules are generated the efficiency is calculated as follows: Efficiency of Cel ...
... Aerobic Respiration varies from cell to cell. (36-38) • Most eukaryotic cells produce only 36 molecules per glucose molecule because the active transport of NADH through a cell membrane uses up some ATP. • When 38 ATP molecules are generated the efficiency is calculated as follows: Efficiency of Cel ...
Review for Final Summer 2010
... o Which is referring to transcription? Translation? Fig on pg 170 is a great review What is transcription? What is translation? Where in the cell does each take place? 3 differences between DNA & RNA: sugar, T vs. U, double vs. single strand 3 types of RNA and functions: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA I ...
... o Which is referring to transcription? Translation? Fig on pg 170 is a great review What is transcription? What is translation? Where in the cell does each take place? 3 differences between DNA & RNA: sugar, T vs. U, double vs. single strand 3 types of RNA and functions: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA I ...
Chemistry of Glycolysis
... 3. Although the standard Gibbs free energy change for the reaction of glyceraldehyde 3-P DH is positive (+6.7 kJ/mole), the reaction proceeds to the right because A) triose phosphate isomerase supplies so much starting material. B) The product of the reaction is consumed as soon as it is made. C) th ...
... 3. Although the standard Gibbs free energy change for the reaction of glyceraldehyde 3-P DH is positive (+6.7 kJ/mole), the reaction proceeds to the right because A) triose phosphate isomerase supplies so much starting material. B) The product of the reaction is consumed as soon as it is made. C) th ...
General Chemistry 110 Quiz 1
... a. The Calvin cycle b. Photon activation and electron flow in photosynthesis c. The mechanism of ATP production in oxidative phosphorylation d. Itemization of the moles of ATP produced from one mole of glucose ...
... a. The Calvin cycle b. Photon activation and electron flow in photosynthesis c. The mechanism of ATP production in oxidative phosphorylation d. Itemization of the moles of ATP produced from one mole of glucose ...
A report published August 2006 demonstrated that peptide YY:
... Fall 2008, Bio 93, O’Dowd and Warrior, UCI - Copyright: All rights reserved ...
... Fall 2008, Bio 93, O’Dowd and Warrior, UCI - Copyright: All rights reserved ...
Regulation of Glycolysis
... Because the principle function of glycolysis is to produce ATP, it must be regulated so that ATP is generated only when needed. The enzyme which controls the flux of metabolites through the glycolytic pathway is phosphofructokinase (PFK-1). PFK-1 is an allosteric enzyme that occupies the key regulat ...
... Because the principle function of glycolysis is to produce ATP, it must be regulated so that ATP is generated only when needed. The enzyme which controls the flux of metabolites through the glycolytic pathway is phosphofructokinase (PFK-1). PFK-1 is an allosteric enzyme that occupies the key regulat ...
BIS103-002 (Spring 2008) - UC Davis Plant Sciences
... combination of the reactions catalyzed by α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and succinyl-CoA synthetase). Initially, the energy released during the oxidation step is captured to form a thioester (covalently linked to glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase in glycolysis; succinyl-CoA in the TCA cycle). This th ...
... combination of the reactions catalyzed by α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and succinyl-CoA synthetase). Initially, the energy released during the oxidation step is captured to form a thioester (covalently linked to glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase in glycolysis; succinyl-CoA in the TCA cycle). This th ...
Energy and Glycolysis
... to “do work”, making it ADP • ADP can get a P back, to change back to ATP, during respiration or photosynthesis • ATP has three P’s (T is for tri) and is a ‘charged battery’ • ADP has two P’s (D is for di) and is the ‘uncharged battery’ ...
... to “do work”, making it ADP • ADP can get a P back, to change back to ATP, during respiration or photosynthesis • ATP has three P’s (T is for tri) and is a ‘charged battery’ • ADP has two P’s (D is for di) and is the ‘uncharged battery’ ...
Energy Conversion Pathways 1. Substrate level phosphorylation
... of the CAC reaction steps [succinyl CoA synthetase] that couples GTP synthesis to thioester bond cleavage. Without Pi, this enzyme reaction is inhibited and radioactive carbon would only be found in cycle intermediates that precede this reaction step. 29. The addition of citrate increased the capaci ...
... of the CAC reaction steps [succinyl CoA synthetase] that couples GTP synthesis to thioester bond cleavage. Without Pi, this enzyme reaction is inhibited and radioactive carbon would only be found in cycle intermediates that precede this reaction step. 29. The addition of citrate increased the capaci ...
4.4.1 Respiration
... Location - Cytoplasm of the cell Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway involving ten enzyme controlled reactions. For the A level examination, you only need to know the pathway in outline Glycolysis is the first pathway of aerobic respiration. It also occurs in anaerobic respiration in which it is the s ...
... Location - Cytoplasm of the cell Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway involving ten enzyme controlled reactions. For the A level examination, you only need to know the pathway in outline Glycolysis is the first pathway of aerobic respiration. It also occurs in anaerobic respiration in which it is the s ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.