ExamReview2012
... 1. Know the difference between an oxidative and reductive reaction. 2. What are NAD+ and FAD? 3. What is the formula for cellular respiration? 4. Be able to sketch and label a diagram of a simple mitochondria. 5. What are the four major steps in cellular respiration? Where does each reaction occur? ...
... 1. Know the difference between an oxidative and reductive reaction. 2. What are NAD+ and FAD? 3. What is the formula for cellular respiration? 4. Be able to sketch and label a diagram of a simple mitochondria. 5. What are the four major steps in cellular respiration? Where does each reaction occur? ...
Carbon Compounds
... 6. Protein function varies greatly • Control rate of chemical reactions • Regulate cell processes • Structural components (muscle, bone) • Transport substances • Fight disease ...
... 6. Protein function varies greatly • Control rate of chemical reactions • Regulate cell processes • Structural components (muscle, bone) • Transport substances • Fight disease ...
002 Chapter 2
... 11. Complementary base pairing explained Chargaff’s findings—the fact that the number of cytosines in a DNA sample equals the number of guanines, and the number of thymines equals the number of adenines. Complementary base pairing is the formation of hydrogen bonds between antiparallel strands of t ...
... 11. Complementary base pairing explained Chargaff’s findings—the fact that the number of cytosines in a DNA sample equals the number of guanines, and the number of thymines equals the number of adenines. Complementary base pairing is the formation of hydrogen bonds between antiparallel strands of t ...
Aerobic respiration - Wesleyan
... Anaerobic Fermentation Aerobic respiration and fermentation both begin with glycolysis, which converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate After glycolysis, the two pathways diverge Fermentation is completed in the cytoplasm, yielding 2 ATP per glucose ...
... Anaerobic Fermentation Aerobic respiration and fermentation both begin with glycolysis, which converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate After glycolysis, the two pathways diverge Fermentation is completed in the cytoplasm, yielding 2 ATP per glucose ...
ATP
... • ATP is a renewable resource that is regenerated by addition of a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) • The energy to phosphorylate ADP comes from catabolic reactions in the cell • The chemical potential energy temporarily stored in ATP drives most cellular work ...
... • ATP is a renewable resource that is regenerated by addition of a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) • The energy to phosphorylate ADP comes from catabolic reactions in the cell • The chemical potential energy temporarily stored in ATP drives most cellular work ...
Biology Standards Based Benchmark Assessment
... 22. Which metabolic process is most closely associated with the organelle represented in the diagram? a. cellular respiration b. hydrolysis of lipids c. intracellular digestion d. synthesis of glycogen 23. Which stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP? a. glycolysis b. Krebs (citric acid ...
... 22. Which metabolic process is most closely associated with the organelle represented in the diagram? a. cellular respiration b. hydrolysis of lipids c. intracellular digestion d. synthesis of glycogen 23. Which stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP? a. glycolysis b. Krebs (citric acid ...
Electron transport chain
... • If O2 is not available to the cell, fermentation, an anaerobic process, occurs in the cytoplasm. During fermentation, glucose is incompletely metabolized to lactate, or to CO2 and alcohol (depending on the organism). ...
... • If O2 is not available to the cell, fermentation, an anaerobic process, occurs in the cytoplasm. During fermentation, glucose is incompletely metabolized to lactate, or to CO2 and alcohol (depending on the organism). ...
word - My eCoach
... 28. The first stage of photosynthesis in a chloroplast is a. light-dependent. b. temperature-dependent. c. glucose-driven. d. ATP-driven. 29. Photosynthesis transforms molecules of water and carbon dioxide into molecules of a. carbohydrate and nitrogen. b. polypeptide and nitrogen. c. carbohydrate a ...
... 28. The first stage of photosynthesis in a chloroplast is a. light-dependent. b. temperature-dependent. c. glucose-driven. d. ATP-driven. 29. Photosynthesis transforms molecules of water and carbon dioxide into molecules of a. carbohydrate and nitrogen. b. polypeptide and nitrogen. c. carbohydrate a ...
A. Reaction Mechanisms and Catalysis (1) proximity effect (2) acid
... -nucleophilic groups on enzymes participate in a variety of other types of rxn in addition to hydrolytic rxns, eg., acetoacetic acid decarboxylase -rxn proceeds by the formation of a Schiff base intermediate, in which the substrate is covalently attached to the ε-amino group of a lysine residue at ...
... -nucleophilic groups on enzymes participate in a variety of other types of rxn in addition to hydrolytic rxns, eg., acetoacetic acid decarboxylase -rxn proceeds by the formation of a Schiff base intermediate, in which the substrate is covalently attached to the ε-amino group of a lysine residue at ...
Glycolysis Quiz
... glycolysis donates a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP? (a) glucose -6-phosphate (b) PEP (c) PGAL (d) fructose diphosphate ...
... glycolysis donates a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP? (a) glucose -6-phosphate (b) PEP (c) PGAL (d) fructose diphosphate ...
CHAPTER 2
... ◦ Together protons and neutrons determine the atomic ____________ of the atom. ◦ The atomic _____________ of an element is equal to the number of protons in that element. ...
... ◦ Together protons and neutrons determine the atomic ____________ of the atom. ◦ The atomic _____________ of an element is equal to the number of protons in that element. ...
Welcome to Class 8
... Stepwise oxidation of glucose converts electron flow into usable energy. The energy released in some steps can be captured by coupling the step to ATP synthesis, or by temporarily storing the electrons in a molecule (e.g., NADH) whose re-oxidation can be coupled to ATP synthesis.! ...
... Stepwise oxidation of glucose converts electron flow into usable energy. The energy released in some steps can be captured by coupling the step to ATP synthesis, or by temporarily storing the electrons in a molecule (e.g., NADH) whose re-oxidation can be coupled to ATP synthesis.! ...
BI0 120 cell and tissues
... 28. The activation phase of the glycolysis consist of A. adding phosphates, modifying sugars and forming glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. B. oxidative steps, proton pumping, and reaction with oxygen. C. oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, and storage of energy. D. ATP synthesis by substrate-level ph ...
... 28. The activation phase of the glycolysis consist of A. adding phosphates, modifying sugars and forming glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. B. oxidative steps, proton pumping, and reaction with oxygen. C. oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, and storage of energy. D. ATP synthesis by substrate-level ph ...
Enzymes - WordPress.com
... C. iron D. zinc 2. Which of the following represents a compound whose atoms contain a double bond? a. NH2 c. Cl-Cl b. O=O d. H-H 3. Some bacteria live in hot springs. Their cells contain enzymes that function best at temperatures of 70°C. At a temperature of 95°C, how will the enzymes in these bacte ...
... C. iron D. zinc 2. Which of the following represents a compound whose atoms contain a double bond? a. NH2 c. Cl-Cl b. O=O d. H-H 3. Some bacteria live in hot springs. Their cells contain enzymes that function best at temperatures of 70°C. At a temperature of 95°C, how will the enzymes in these bacte ...
Homework 3 BSC 1005 Fall 2011
... a. The Krebs cycle b. Oxidative phosphorylation c. The Calvin cycle d. Glycolysis 9.The largest amount of energy is obtained from a. the Krebs cycle. b. glycolysis. c. fermentation. d. oxidative phosphorylation 10.The result of the complete breakdown of glucose during aerobic cellular respiration in ...
... a. The Krebs cycle b. Oxidative phosphorylation c. The Calvin cycle d. Glycolysis 9.The largest amount of energy is obtained from a. the Krebs cycle. b. glycolysis. c. fermentation. d. oxidative phosphorylation 10.The result of the complete breakdown of glucose during aerobic cellular respiration in ...
how cells release chemical energy
... __ 6. Select the process by which NADH and FADH, transfer electrons along a chain of acceptors to oxygen so as to form water and set up conditions for producing a large number of ATP molecules. [pp.1l4-llS] a. glycolysis b. the Krebs cycle c. acetyl-CoA formation d. fermentation pathways e. electron ...
... __ 6. Select the process by which NADH and FADH, transfer electrons along a chain of acceptors to oxygen so as to form water and set up conditions for producing a large number of ATP molecules. [pp.1l4-llS] a. glycolysis b. the Krebs cycle c. acetyl-CoA formation d. fermentation pathways e. electron ...
Final Review Guide
... endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis. 4) For each of the phases of cellular respiration listed below, list where it occurs, the starting and ending materials, and the net energy gains (NADH, FADH2, ATP, etc.) glycolysis precursor to Krebs cycle (pyruvate to acety ...
... endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis. 4) For each of the phases of cellular respiration listed below, list where it occurs, the starting and ending materials, and the net energy gains (NADH, FADH2, ATP, etc.) glycolysis precursor to Krebs cycle (pyruvate to acety ...
File
... (oxygen) used in oxidative phosphorylation / is final electron acceptor / is final hydrogen acceptor; ...
... (oxygen) used in oxidative phosphorylation / is final electron acceptor / is final hydrogen acceptor; ...
Biology: Ch. 2
... Macromolecules are made from thousands of smaller molecules. Monomers-small unit that can join with other small units to form polymers. Polymers-large compound formed from combinations of many monomers. Four groups of organic compounds found in living things are carbohydrates, lipids, nuclei ...
... Macromolecules are made from thousands of smaller molecules. Monomers-small unit that can join with other small units to form polymers. Polymers-large compound formed from combinations of many monomers. Four groups of organic compounds found in living things are carbohydrates, lipids, nuclei ...
3. GLYCOLYSIS
... • The conversion of two triose phosphates to lactic acid (or ethanol) yields four molecules of ATP. • However, two ATP molecules are used up in the production of glucose-6-phosphate from glucose and fructose-1, 6-disphosphate from fructose-6phosphate. • The net production of ATP is thus only two AT ...
... • The conversion of two triose phosphates to lactic acid (or ethanol) yields four molecules of ATP. • However, two ATP molecules are used up in the production of glucose-6-phosphate from glucose and fructose-1, 6-disphosphate from fructose-6phosphate. • The net production of ATP is thus only two AT ...
Metabolism of lipids
... Summary of the flow of electrons and protons through the four complexes of the respiratory chain. Electrons reach CoQ via Complexes I and II. CoQH2 serves as a mobile carrier of electrons and protons. It transfers electrons to Complex III, which transfers them to another mobile connecting link, cyto ...
... Summary of the flow of electrons and protons through the four complexes of the respiratory chain. Electrons reach CoQ via Complexes I and II. CoQH2 serves as a mobile carrier of electrons and protons. It transfers electrons to Complex III, which transfers them to another mobile connecting link, cyto ...
17 The Citric Acid Cycle: The latabolism of Acetyl
... oxaloacetate is needed to facilitate the conversion of a large quantity of acetyl units to CC>2, oxaloacetate may be considered to play a catalytic role. The ckric acid cycle is the mechanism by which much of the free energy liberated during the oxidation of carbohydrate, lipids, and amino acids is ...
... oxaloacetate is needed to facilitate the conversion of a large quantity of acetyl units to CC>2, oxaloacetate may be considered to play a catalytic role. The ckric acid cycle is the mechanism by which much of the free energy liberated during the oxidation of carbohydrate, lipids, and amino acids is ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.