Oxidative degradation of glucose File
... major pathway for the utilization of glucose for the production of energy and is found in the cytosol of all cells. • Glycolysis can function under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. • Two molecules of pyruvate are produced. Pyruvate is then converted to Acetyl CoA. • 2. In the second pathway, Citric ...
... major pathway for the utilization of glucose for the production of energy and is found in the cytosol of all cells. • Glycolysis can function under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. • Two molecules of pyruvate are produced. Pyruvate is then converted to Acetyl CoA. • 2. In the second pathway, Citric ...
Cellular respiration
... • it is here that fats and proteins can ‘enter the picture’ (i.e., be used as a fuel source) • it is also when we move from the sarcoplasm into the mitochondria for the first time ...
... • it is here that fats and proteins can ‘enter the picture’ (i.e., be used as a fuel source) • it is also when we move from the sarcoplasm into the mitochondria for the first time ...
Final Preparation
... B. 10.0 C. 15.0 D. 25.0 69. What is mutarotation? A. The conversion of a D-monosaccharide into an L-monosaccharide. B. The conversion of α-D-galactose into β-D-galactose C. The conversion of a pyranose into a furanose. D. The conversion of an aldose into a ketose. 70. The I the L-isomer of a Fischer ...
... B. 10.0 C. 15.0 D. 25.0 69. What is mutarotation? A. The conversion of a D-monosaccharide into an L-monosaccharide. B. The conversion of α-D-galactose into β-D-galactose C. The conversion of a pyranose into a furanose. D. The conversion of an aldose into a ketose. 70. The I the L-isomer of a Fischer ...
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... Describe an electron transport chain. Describe the cytochromes and their functions. Discuss oxidative phosphorylation. Name the final electron acceptor at the end of the oxidative transport chain. Give the numbers of ATP produced by NADH and FADH, as they go through the electron transport chain. Exp ...
... Describe an electron transport chain. Describe the cytochromes and their functions. Discuss oxidative phosphorylation. Name the final electron acceptor at the end of the oxidative transport chain. Give the numbers of ATP produced by NADH and FADH, as they go through the electron transport chain. Exp ...
Document
... the electron transport system gets backed up and shuts down. Chemiosmosis: the energy coupling mechanism- ATP synthase fig. 9.14 Fig. 9.15 Chemiosmosis couples the Electron transport chain to ATP synthesis- the electrons from NADH and FADH2 moved down the Electron transport chain and drive Hydrogen ...
... the electron transport system gets backed up and shuts down. Chemiosmosis: the energy coupling mechanism- ATP synthase fig. 9.14 Fig. 9.15 Chemiosmosis couples the Electron transport chain to ATP synthesis- the electrons from NADH and FADH2 moved down the Electron transport chain and drive Hydrogen ...
Chapter 1 Review Understanding Concepts
... 17. RNA nucleotides contain the five-carbon sugar ribose and contain the nitrogenous base uracil, whereas DNA contains the five-carbon sugar deoxyribose and the nitrogenous base thymine instead of uracil. 18. DNA possesses hydrogen bonds as two DNA strands run antiparallel to each other, allowing hy ...
... 17. RNA nucleotides contain the five-carbon sugar ribose and contain the nitrogenous base uracil, whereas DNA contains the five-carbon sugar deoxyribose and the nitrogenous base thymine instead of uracil. 18. DNA possesses hydrogen bonds as two DNA strands run antiparallel to each other, allowing hy ...
chapter_14_respiration_in_plants
... value is one for carbohydrates. However, it is always less than one for fats as fats consume more oxygen for respiration than carbohydrates. It can be illustrated through the example of tripalmitin fatty acid, which consumes 145 molecules of O2for respiration while 102 molecules of CO2are evolved. T ...
... value is one for carbohydrates. However, it is always less than one for fats as fats consume more oxygen for respiration than carbohydrates. It can be illustrated through the example of tripalmitin fatty acid, which consumes 145 molecules of O2for respiration while 102 molecules of CO2are evolved. T ...
C 4 plants
... Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. H2O ...
... Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. H2O ...
Citric acid Cycle Remake - Study in Universal Science College
... The two carbon acetyl group generated in PDC reaction enter the CAC, and two molecules of CO2 are released in one cycle. Thus there is complete oxidation of two carbons during one cycle. Although the two carbons which enter the cycle become the part of oxaloacetate; are released as CO2 only in the t ...
... The two carbon acetyl group generated in PDC reaction enter the CAC, and two molecules of CO2 are released in one cycle. Thus there is complete oxidation of two carbons during one cycle. Although the two carbons which enter the cycle become the part of oxaloacetate; are released as CO2 only in the t ...
2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
... bonds in reactants and the formation of new bonds in products reactants - elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction products - elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction ...
... bonds in reactants and the formation of new bonds in products reactants - elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction products - elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction ...
Cellular Respiration Jigsaw Activity Hand each student a standard
... Directions: Below are statements regarding the various steps of cellular respiration. Identify whether the statement is true of false. If the statement is false, correct the statement so that it becomes true. 1) Glycolysis produces a net of four (4) ATP molecules. ...
... Directions: Below are statements regarding the various steps of cellular respiration. Identify whether the statement is true of false. If the statement is false, correct the statement so that it becomes true. 1) Glycolysis produces a net of four (4) ATP molecules. ...
Nucleotide Metabolism
... 5. Which of the following is not a role of a catalytic sulfur atom in ribonucleotide reductase? A) Proton donor B) Radical stabilization C) Redox reaction D) Covalent catalysis 6. Dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthetase are major targets for anticancer drugs because A) these enzymes are ...
... 5. Which of the following is not a role of a catalytic sulfur atom in ribonucleotide reductase? A) Proton donor B) Radical stabilization C) Redox reaction D) Covalent catalysis 6. Dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthetase are major targets for anticancer drugs because A) these enzymes are ...
Most common elements in living things are carbon, hydrogen
... Enzymes are protein molecules that act as biological catalysts. Cells contain thousands of different enzymes to control the functions of the cell. Enzymes must physically fit a specific substrate(s) to work properly. The place where a substrate fits an enzyme to be catalyzed is called the active sit ...
... Enzymes are protein molecules that act as biological catalysts. Cells contain thousands of different enzymes to control the functions of the cell. Enzymes must physically fit a specific substrate(s) to work properly. The place where a substrate fits an enzyme to be catalyzed is called the active sit ...
Fermentation - mvhs
... Fermentation • Occurs when there is no oxygen available • allows some cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen – ATP yield would be lower, though. Do you know why? – Only glycolysis is carried out– only 2 ATP produced. ...
... Fermentation • Occurs when there is no oxygen available • allows some cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen – ATP yield would be lower, though. Do you know why? – Only glycolysis is carried out– only 2 ATP produced. ...
Redox Reactions and Cofactors
... complex contains the lipoamide at the end of a polypeptide tether which functions as a "ball and chain" that moves the lipoamide back and forth across a 50 Å span in the interior of the complex. αLipoic acid is not considered a vitamin because it is synthesized at measurable levels in humans, howeve ...
... complex contains the lipoamide at the end of a polypeptide tether which functions as a "ball and chain" that moves the lipoamide back and forth across a 50 Å span in the interior of the complex. αLipoic acid is not considered a vitamin because it is synthesized at measurable levels in humans, howeve ...
Ch.08An Introduction to Metabolism
... (a) Endergonic reaction 1 ATP phosphorylates glutamic acid, making the amino acid less stable. ...
... (a) Endergonic reaction 1 ATP phosphorylates glutamic acid, making the amino acid less stable. ...
metabolism - Doctor Jade Main
... as energy is released as electrons are transferred drives H ion pumps that move H across membrane into space between 2 membranes pumps create large concentration gradients for H H ions cannot diffuse into matrix-not lipid soluble channels allow H ions to enter matrix Chemiosmosis – energy released ...
... as energy is released as electrons are transferred drives H ion pumps that move H across membrane into space between 2 membranes pumps create large concentration gradients for H H ions cannot diffuse into matrix-not lipid soluble channels allow H ions to enter matrix Chemiosmosis – energy released ...
Fibrous proteins are especially abundant outside the cell, where
... intestine or within the cells by means of lysosome. In both cases, digestive enzymes reduce large polymeric molecules in food into their monomers. ...
... intestine or within the cells by means of lysosome. In both cases, digestive enzymes reduce large polymeric molecules in food into their monomers. ...
4.2 How to get other molecules across membranes
... family of transporters. There are 7 different, but related, proteins. But, only four (GLUT1-4) are known to be involved in glucose transport. All GLUT proteins share a set of similar structural features and are all about 500 amino acids in length (giving them a predicted molecular weight of about 55 ...
... family of transporters. There are 7 different, but related, proteins. But, only four (GLUT1-4) are known to be involved in glucose transport. All GLUT proteins share a set of similar structural features and are all about 500 amino acids in length (giving them a predicted molecular weight of about 55 ...
Review for Final Spring 2011
... y General formula for cellular respiration (Endergonic or Exergonic?) y Where does each reaction take place? (see your worksheet) o Glycolysis o Formation of acetyl CoA o Krebs cycle o Electron transport chain o Fermentation y Glycolysis splits sugar to make ATP & NADH y Pyruvate from Glycolysis eit ...
... y General formula for cellular respiration (Endergonic or Exergonic?) y Where does each reaction take place? (see your worksheet) o Glycolysis o Formation of acetyl CoA o Krebs cycle o Electron transport chain o Fermentation y Glycolysis splits sugar to make ATP & NADH y Pyruvate from Glycolysis eit ...
Exam2_2012 final key - (canvas.brown.edu).
... C) cytochrome c D) cytochrome oxidase E) heme Circle the correct answer 8. [2 points] Which of the following statements about the chemiosmotic theory is correct? A) Electron transfer in mitochondria is accompanied by an asymmetric release of protons on one side of the inner mitochondrial membrane. B ...
... C) cytochrome c D) cytochrome oxidase E) heme Circle the correct answer 8. [2 points] Which of the following statements about the chemiosmotic theory is correct? A) Electron transfer in mitochondria is accompanied by an asymmetric release of protons on one side of the inner mitochondrial membrane. B ...
Exam 1
... acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain? Which pathways are aerobic and which are anaerobic? What is fermentation and what are the two types? Know the different types of thermoregulatory strategies in animals (endothermic, ectothermic, poikilothermic, and homeothermic). Be able to descri ...
... acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain? Which pathways are aerobic and which are anaerobic? What is fermentation and what are the two types? Know the different types of thermoregulatory strategies in animals (endothermic, ectothermic, poikilothermic, and homeothermic). Be able to descri ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.