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university of east anglia
... a) Electron transfer in mitochondria is accompanied by an asymmetric release of protons on one side of the inner mitochondrial membrane b) It predicts that oxidative phosphorylation can occur even in the absence of an intact inner mitochondrial membrane c) The effect of uncoupling reagents is a cons ...
... a) Electron transfer in mitochondria is accompanied by an asymmetric release of protons on one side of the inner mitochondrial membrane b) It predicts that oxidative phosphorylation can occur even in the absence of an intact inner mitochondrial membrane c) The effect of uncoupling reagents is a cons ...
The Chemistry of Life
... Form: long chain of nucleotides. Each nucleotide is made of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. ...
... Form: long chain of nucleotides. Each nucleotide is made of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. ...
No Slide Title
... The metals in these two groups have similar outer electron configurations, with one electron in the outermost s orbital. Chemical properties are quite different due to difference in the ionization energy. ...
... The metals in these two groups have similar outer electron configurations, with one electron in the outermost s orbital. Chemical properties are quite different due to difference in the ionization energy. ...
PPT - gserianne.com
... Generation of ATP and reduction of O2 to H2O (Recall that reduction is the addition of electrons) 1. The energy in acetyl CoA 1. Chemiosmosis (oxidative is trapped in activated phosphorylation) uses the carriers of electrons (NADH, electrons donated by NADH and FADH2) and activated FADH2 to eject H+ ...
... Generation of ATP and reduction of O2 to H2O (Recall that reduction is the addition of electrons) 1. The energy in acetyl CoA 1. Chemiosmosis (oxidative is trapped in activated phosphorylation) uses the carriers of electrons (NADH, electrons donated by NADH and FADH2) and activated FADH2 to eject H+ ...
- Circle of Docs
... 39. Glutathione peroxidase is an enzyme in various redox reactions which serves to destroy peroxides and free radicals and requires which mineral as a cofactor? a. Zinc b. Selenium c. Iron d. Chromium ...
... 39. Glutathione peroxidase is an enzyme in various redox reactions which serves to destroy peroxides and free radicals and requires which mineral as a cofactor? a. Zinc b. Selenium c. Iron d. Chromium ...
Transport Across Cell Membrane
... Large molecules like proteins cannot transport through membrane by passive or active transport discussed so far. These are packed into membrane bound vesicles and transported across cell membrane. Endocytosis is the bulk transport into the cell. If solid material including prey is brought in as Food ...
... Large molecules like proteins cannot transport through membrane by passive or active transport discussed so far. These are packed into membrane bound vesicles and transported across cell membrane. Endocytosis is the bulk transport into the cell. If solid material including prey is brought in as Food ...
Ch6
... 6.2. Enzymes Enzyme Inhibition (continued…) • Non-competitive inhibitor binds to a different site • Allosteric inhibitors are one example; action is reversible • Some non-competitive inhibitors are not reversible – E.g., mercury oxidizes the S—H groups of amino acid cysteine, converts to cystine ...
... 6.2. Enzymes Enzyme Inhibition (continued…) • Non-competitive inhibitor binds to a different site • Allosteric inhibitors are one example; action is reversible • Some non-competitive inhibitors are not reversible – E.g., mercury oxidizes the S—H groups of amino acid cysteine, converts to cystine ...
Energy Systems 1
... the breakdown of food molecules and releases it to fuel other cellular processes. Cells require chemical energy for three general types of tasks: to drive metabolic reactions that would not occur automatically; to transport needed substances across membranes; and to do mechanical work, such as movin ...
... the breakdown of food molecules and releases it to fuel other cellular processes. Cells require chemical energy for three general types of tasks: to drive metabolic reactions that would not occur automatically; to transport needed substances across membranes; and to do mechanical work, such as movin ...
The Fate of Glucose
... • electrons transferred from NADH, FADH2 to oxygen and water is formed • oxidative phosphorylation • ATP synthase complex • protons pumped across membrane ...
... • electrons transferred from NADH, FADH2 to oxygen and water is formed • oxidative phosphorylation • ATP synthase complex • protons pumped across membrane ...
File
... sites” on their surfaces that interact with the substrate(s) As the substrate enters this active site it induces the enzyme to change shape so that the active site fits even more snugly around the substrate (clasping handshake) This “induced-fit” strains the pre-existing bonds within the substra ...
... sites” on their surfaces that interact with the substrate(s) As the substrate enters this active site it induces the enzyme to change shape so that the active site fits even more snugly around the substrate (clasping handshake) This “induced-fit” strains the pre-existing bonds within the substra ...
Chapter 14 Answers to Even Numbered Study Questions
... lineages. This reasoning suggests that the common ancestor was likely a thermophile or extreme thermophile (reasonable on environmental grounds also, as the early earth was much hotter than now). It was probably an anaerobe (also consistent with what we know of the early atmosphere), and it probably ...
... lineages. This reasoning suggests that the common ancestor was likely a thermophile or extreme thermophile (reasonable on environmental grounds also, as the early earth was much hotter than now). It was probably an anaerobe (also consistent with what we know of the early atmosphere), and it probably ...
Energy - My CCSD
... = the ability to do work Energy is usually released when bonds are broken and needed to put bonds together All living organisms must be able to produce, store, and use energy. Our food energy must always be converted to ATP energy to be useful to our cells ...
... = the ability to do work Energy is usually released when bonds are broken and needed to put bonds together All living organisms must be able to produce, store, and use energy. Our food energy must always be converted to ATP energy to be useful to our cells ...
Chapter 3 – Cellular Energy Metabolism
... ATP is used up at approximately the same rate as its synthesis, so that there is no ‘storage’ of ATP within the cell; nor does the intracellular [ATP] change markedly in most animal cells, even when huge changes in ATP turnover may occur, as during the rest to work transition in skeletal muscle. Th ...
... ATP is used up at approximately the same rate as its synthesis, so that there is no ‘storage’ of ATP within the cell; nor does the intracellular [ATP] change markedly in most animal cells, even when huge changes in ATP turnover may occur, as during the rest to work transition in skeletal muscle. Th ...
VO2 Max
... Carbohydrate broken down to Pyruvic acid and 2 molecules of ATP. To try to prevent an increase in acidity the pyruvic acid accepts the H+, forming Lactic acid. Lactic acid is thought to interefere with muscle contraction due to disrupting the binding of Calcium to Troponin. Acidity also stimul ...
... Carbohydrate broken down to Pyruvic acid and 2 molecules of ATP. To try to prevent an increase in acidity the pyruvic acid accepts the H+, forming Lactic acid. Lactic acid is thought to interefere with muscle contraction due to disrupting the binding of Calcium to Troponin. Acidity also stimul ...
BIOL 1301 sample RAP
... 1. Living cells unavoidably convert more usable forms of energy to heat in the process of carrying out chemical reactions. This is a consequence of a. the second law of thermodynamics which states that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. b. the first law of ...
... 1. Living cells unavoidably convert more usable forms of energy to heat in the process of carrying out chemical reactions. This is a consequence of a. the second law of thermodynamics which states that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. b. the first law of ...
Figure 2: Alternative Periodic Table
... 103) Compare the elements Li, K, C, N a) Which has the largest atomic radius? K b) Place the elements in order of increasing ionization energy. K < Li < C < N 109) Which group of the periodic table has elements with high first ionization potentials and very negative electron affinities? Explain this ...
... 103) Compare the elements Li, K, C, N a) Which has the largest atomic radius? K b) Place the elements in order of increasing ionization energy. K < Li < C < N 109) Which group of the periodic table has elements with high first ionization potentials and very negative electron affinities? Explain this ...
Cellular Respiration - Parkway C-2
... When oxygen is present, it’s aerobic; when oxygen is absent, it’s anaerobic. There are four pathways in cellular respiration (not all function at the same place or at the same time): glycolysis, fermentation (2 types – alcoholic and lactic acid), Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain. Respiratio ...
... When oxygen is present, it’s aerobic; when oxygen is absent, it’s anaerobic. There are four pathways in cellular respiration (not all function at the same place or at the same time): glycolysis, fermentation (2 types – alcoholic and lactic acid), Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain. Respiratio ...
Fatty oxidation, Amino acid degradation and energy metabolism
... Cysteine is completely catabolized? (Calculate 3ATP/NADH and 2ATP/FADH2). 12. Which metabolic pathway is defective in Maple syrup urine disease? Name the enzyme and the amino acids involved. 13. Which cofactor or coenzyme acts as a one-carbon group carrier (e.g. methyl group) and which one as amino ...
... Cysteine is completely catabolized? (Calculate 3ATP/NADH and 2ATP/FADH2). 12. Which metabolic pathway is defective in Maple syrup urine disease? Name the enzyme and the amino acids involved. 13. Which cofactor or coenzyme acts as a one-carbon group carrier (e.g. methyl group) and which one as amino ...
Energy For Movement - Illinois Wesleyan University
... be converted to glucose-6phosphate before it can be used for energy. For glucose this process takes 1 ATP. Glycolysis ultimately produces pyruvic acid which is then converted to lactic acid in the absence of oxygen. Gycolysis requires 12 enzymatic reactions to form lactic acid which occur within ...
... be converted to glucose-6phosphate before it can be used for energy. For glucose this process takes 1 ATP. Glycolysis ultimately produces pyruvic acid which is then converted to lactic acid in the absence of oxygen. Gycolysis requires 12 enzymatic reactions to form lactic acid which occur within ...
Summary of glycolysis (Embden
... chain reactions). When energy is trapped by oxidation of reducing equivalents such as NADH, it is called oxidative phosphorylation. In the 5th step, for each molecule of glucose entering in the pathway, two molecules of NAD+ are reduced to NADH. The availability of co-enzymes inside a cell is lim ...
... chain reactions). When energy is trapped by oxidation of reducing equivalents such as NADH, it is called oxidative phosphorylation. In the 5th step, for each molecule of glucose entering in the pathway, two molecules of NAD+ are reduced to NADH. The availability of co-enzymes inside a cell is lim ...
Carbohydrate Metabolism - BITS Academic Resource Center
... Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis, enter into the Kreb's cycle and oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP. Oxidative phosphory ...
... Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis, enter into the Kreb's cycle and oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP. Oxidative phosphory ...
Chapter 9 - Slothnet
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP directly • It breaks the large free-energy drop from food to O2 int ...
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP directly • It breaks the large free-energy drop from food to O2 int ...
Chem 352 - Fall 2014 - Exam II
... e. What catalytic role does Glu 165 play in step 1 of this reaction? ______________________ 4. Why are some sugars considered reducing sugars while others are not? ...
... e. What catalytic role does Glu 165 play in step 1 of this reaction? ______________________ 4. Why are some sugars considered reducing sugars while others are not? ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.