CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... – 36-38 ATP made from all 3 Stages – Oxidative Phosphorylation • Oxygen is final electron acceptor; water is formed • ADP is converted to ATP by adding phosphate group ...
... – 36-38 ATP made from all 3 Stages – Oxidative Phosphorylation • Oxygen is final electron acceptor; water is formed • ADP is converted to ATP by adding phosphate group ...
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... living creatures. It is catalyzed by soluble enzymes located in the cytosol of cells. Although the glycolytic pathway is most commonly thought of as metabolizing glucose, other common monosaccharides such as fructose, galactose, and mannose are also metabolized by it. The glycolytic pathway operates ...
... living creatures. It is catalyzed by soluble enzymes located in the cytosol of cells. Although the glycolytic pathway is most commonly thought of as metabolizing glucose, other common monosaccharides such as fructose, galactose, and mannose are also metabolized by it. The glycolytic pathway operates ...
Unit 4: Cellular Energy Study Guide
... The electrons that are dumped on the electron transport chain are passed on from protein to protein. As this is happening, the intermembrane space of the mitochondria becomes filled with hydrogen ions. These hydrogen ions are then forced to go back into the matrix through the enzyme ATP synthase. En ...
... The electrons that are dumped on the electron transport chain are passed on from protein to protein. As this is happening, the intermembrane space of the mitochondria becomes filled with hydrogen ions. These hydrogen ions are then forced to go back into the matrix through the enzyme ATP synthase. En ...
Name Date Class Period ______
... Use the chart above to answer the following questions. 30. Which element has more protons – Al or Li? Al – number 13 31. What would be the correct way to write the element symbol for aluminum # 13-AL or Al? Why? Al because the 2nd letter should be lower case to show it is all the same element. 32. ...
... Use the chart above to answer the following questions. 30. Which element has more protons – Al or Li? Al – number 13 31. What would be the correct way to write the element symbol for aluminum # 13-AL or Al? Why? Al because the 2nd letter should be lower case to show it is all the same element. 32. ...
Cellular Energy
... • The life processes of all organisms require energy. • The potential energy held in the bonds of food molecules CANNOT be used directly by the cell. • Energy from food must be converted to the ONLY energy source that cells can use: ATP! ...
... • The life processes of all organisms require energy. • The potential energy held in the bonds of food molecules CANNOT be used directly by the cell. • Energy from food must be converted to the ONLY energy source that cells can use: ATP! ...
2.-lactic-acid-metabolism
... • Explain how muscle fatigue develops • Explain what is meant by the term ‘oxygen debt’ and how it can be ‘repaid’ ...
... • Explain how muscle fatigue develops • Explain what is meant by the term ‘oxygen debt’ and how it can be ‘repaid’ ...
outlines
... Unsaturated fatty acids increase mobility while cholesterol increases rigidity Impermeable to ions and polar molecules but non-polar molecules can typically diffuse across the membrane Asymmetry: inner and outer layers of the membrane often have differing compositions Membrane Proteins Integral Memb ...
... Unsaturated fatty acids increase mobility while cholesterol increases rigidity Impermeable to ions and polar molecules but non-polar molecules can typically diffuse across the membrane Asymmetry: inner and outer layers of the membrane often have differing compositions Membrane Proteins Integral Memb ...
Lecture 21
... inhibit the production of pathway products, thereby causing the buildup of metabolites that can be identified as pathway intermediates. Fluoride- leads to the buildup of 3-phosphoglycerate and 2-phosphoglycerate ...
... inhibit the production of pathway products, thereby causing the buildup of metabolites that can be identified as pathway intermediates. Fluoride- leads to the buildup of 3-phosphoglycerate and 2-phosphoglycerate ...
AP Biology Unit 3 Study Guide Chapters 8, 9 and 10
... how this process links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle. 12. List the products of the citric acid cycle. Explain why it is called a cycle. 13. Describe the point at which glucose is completely oxidized during cellular respiration. 14. Distinguish between substrate level phosphorylation and oxidat ...
... how this process links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle. 12. List the products of the citric acid cycle. Explain why it is called a cycle. 13. Describe the point at which glucose is completely oxidized during cellular respiration. 14. Distinguish between substrate level phosphorylation and oxidat ...
The bridge between glycolysis and the citric acid (Krebs) cycle
... pyruvate + CoA + NAD+ ----> acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH + H+ ...
... pyruvate + CoA + NAD+ ----> acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH + H+ ...
Exam Name___________________________________
... 53) The sodium-potassium pump is called an electrogenic pump because it 53) ______ A) is used to drive the transport of other molecules against a concentration gradient. B) pumps equal quantities of Na+ and K+ across the membrane. C) pumps hydrogen ions out of the cell. D) contributes to the membran ...
... 53) The sodium-potassium pump is called an electrogenic pump because it 53) ______ A) is used to drive the transport of other molecules against a concentration gradient. B) pumps equal quantities of Na+ and K+ across the membrane. C) pumps hydrogen ions out of the cell. D) contributes to the membran ...
workshops: absences: examinations: textbook
... Regulation of metabolic pathways. LECTURE 17 Glycolysis Objectives: To explain how glucose is broken down to pyruvate by a series of enzyme-catalysed reactions and a (small amount) of ATP synthesised at the same time. Key structures and reactions Formation of Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate from glucose. ...
... Regulation of metabolic pathways. LECTURE 17 Glycolysis Objectives: To explain how glucose is broken down to pyruvate by a series of enzyme-catalysed reactions and a (small amount) of ATP synthesised at the same time. Key structures and reactions Formation of Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate from glucose. ...
The Chemistry of Biology
... 58. Electrons that participate in chemical bonding are typically located closest to the nucleus. FALSE 59. Water molecules are nonpolar molecules. FALSE ...
... 58. Electrons that participate in chemical bonding are typically located closest to the nucleus. FALSE 59. Water molecules are nonpolar molecules. FALSE ...
Active Transport
... • An electrogenic pump is a transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane by transporting ions • The sodium-potassium pump is the major electrogenic pump of animal cells • The main electrogenic pump of plants, fungi, and bacteria is a proton pump (transports H+) • Electrogenic pumps he ...
... • An electrogenic pump is a transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane by transporting ions • The sodium-potassium pump is the major electrogenic pump of animal cells • The main electrogenic pump of plants, fungi, and bacteria is a proton pump (transports H+) • Electrogenic pumps he ...
sbs-017 basic biochemistry - Personal Webspace for QMUL
... Objectives: To illustrate how metabolic pathways work, and are linked together by various soluble cofactors to transport energy and chemical groups. How a thermodynamically favourable reaction can drive a thermodynamically unfavourable one. ATP as a free energy donor in most energy-requiring process ...
... Objectives: To illustrate how metabolic pathways work, and are linked together by various soluble cofactors to transport energy and chemical groups. How a thermodynamically favourable reaction can drive a thermodynamically unfavourable one. ATP as a free energy donor in most energy-requiring process ...
PPTX - Bonham Chemistry
... Cellular Respiration: the big picture • process in which cells consume O2 and produce CO2 ...
... Cellular Respiration: the big picture • process in which cells consume O2 and produce CO2 ...
CHM_101_ASSIGNMENT_COPY_1_2
... solid NaOH to a buffer solution that consists of 0.15M sodium acetate and 0.15M acetic acid solution, if we assume that there is no change in volume (Ka = 1.8 x 10-5). 2. (a) The rate constant of a first order reaction is 2.5 ×10 -6/s and the initial concentration is 0.1moldm-3, what is the initial ...
... solid NaOH to a buffer solution that consists of 0.15M sodium acetate and 0.15M acetic acid solution, if we assume that there is no change in volume (Ka = 1.8 x 10-5). 2. (a) The rate constant of a first order reaction is 2.5 ×10 -6/s and the initial concentration is 0.1moldm-3, what is the initial ...
Lecture 3section7
... Remember pathways are integrated Rates of glycolysis and TCA cycle are matched so that only as much glucose is metabolized to pyruvate as is need to provide Acetyl CoA for the cycles Rate of glycolysis is matched to the TCA cycle by ATP and NADH levels. Also remember the citrate is a negative allost ...
... Remember pathways are integrated Rates of glycolysis and TCA cycle are matched so that only as much glucose is metabolized to pyruvate as is need to provide Acetyl CoA for the cycles Rate of glycolysis is matched to the TCA cycle by ATP and NADH levels. Also remember the citrate is a negative allost ...
Repetition Summary of last lecture Energy Cell Respiration
... In a c ti v e tra n s c ri p ti o n fa c to r ...
... In a c ti v e tra n s c ri p ti o n fa c to r ...
Bioenergetics and Metabolism
... acid cycle, although we will refer to it as the citrate cycle because citrate is the first product of the pathway. ...
... acid cycle, although we will refer to it as the citrate cycle because citrate is the first product of the pathway. ...
HB Cell Respiration Questions
... 12. What happens to electrons in the electron transport chain? Concept 7.5 Cellular respiration converts energy in food to energy in ATP (pg 148-152) Many enzymes involved in cellular respiration are built into the inner membranes of mitochondria. The complex folding of the inner membranes creates m ...
... 12. What happens to electrons in the electron transport chain? Concept 7.5 Cellular respiration converts energy in food to energy in ATP (pg 148-152) Many enzymes involved in cellular respiration are built into the inner membranes of mitochondria. The complex folding of the inner membranes creates m ...
1 Glycolysis and carbon-carbon bond chemistry I. Intro to Glycolysis
... C4 are on opposite sides from each other. Also note that a carbonyl group is located at C2 - that is, alpha to the carbon which is to become a carbanion, as required. Note also that both ends of the chain are phosphorylated. As will be discussed in more detail later, one of the phosphate groups is a ...
... C4 are on opposite sides from each other. Also note that a carbonyl group is located at C2 - that is, alpha to the carbon which is to become a carbanion, as required. Note also that both ends of the chain are phosphorylated. As will be discussed in more detail later, one of the phosphate groups is a ...
(pt=2) Define photosynthesis
... purple flowers. 25% of the seed produced by this cross produces pea plants with white flowers. What can you conclude about the genetic make-up of the parent plants in relation to flower color? ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________ ...
... purple flowers. 25% of the seed produced by this cross produces pea plants with white flowers. What can you conclude about the genetic make-up of the parent plants in relation to flower color? ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________ ...
03_Membrane rest potential. Generation and radiation action
... This allows valinomycin to enter the lipid core of the bilayer, to solubilize K+ within this hydrophobic milieu. Crystal structure (at Virtual Museum of Minerals & Molecules). ...
... This allows valinomycin to enter the lipid core of the bilayer, to solubilize K+ within this hydrophobic milieu. Crystal structure (at Virtual Museum of Minerals & Molecules). ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.