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Unit 3: Chapter 6 - Biochemistry The Chemicals of Life A. Atoms Atoms are the smallest unit of matter 1. Made of 3 Particles: a. __________ - located in the ________ __________ charge; determine the element b. __________ – located in the ________ ____ charge = neutral c. ___________ - ______ outside nucleus ________ charge cause ______________ B. Elements A specific atom that is a single substance that cannot be broken down into smaller pieces 1. H = _________ – ___ bond 2. O = _________ – ___ bonds 3. N = _________ – ___ bonds 4. C = _________ – ___ bonds 5. Other essential elements: __________ (P) _____ (Fe) ____ (Zn) _______ (Ca) ________ (S) ________ (Na) __________ (K) C. Molecules (Compounds) combinations of elements 1. _______ – caused by elements sharing electrons _____________ in the molecule 2. __________ = chains of repeating small units 3. ________ - shows the composition of a compound Molecular formula - indicates the actual numbers and kinds of atoms in a molecule __________ ___________________ - how the atoms are arranged or held together D. Inorganic Compounds not the same as what you know from your foods 1. Don’t contain ________ ______________ together. 2. Examples: _______ (_____) __________ (_____) ________ (______) __________ (_____) E. Organic Compounds Compounds that contain ______________________ in the same molecule 1. Carbohydrates a. Examples: i. __________ = ______________________ _______, _______ carbohydrates examples of monosacchrides = ____________, fructose ii. __________ = _______________ ___________________________ _____________ carbohydrates ____________, ___________, chitin iii. The names of most carbohydrates end in _________ b. Elements: Examples: Carbohydrates Always contain ________ _________ Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen _________ CarboHYDRates always have _________ _____________________ All carbohydrates have this special ratio c. Subunits: _________________________ i. all complex carbohydrates are _______________ of __________ joined together by ___________________ ii. ____saccharide ___saccharide _____saccharide iii. Glucose is the most common monosaccharide subunit iv. Dehydration Synthesis of a Carbohydrate d. Function: - Primary _________________ for cellular respiration - 4 kcal/gram - Carbohydrates provide the bulk of the calories in most diets 2. Lipids All lipids are ________________ organic molecules a. Examples: i. _________ ii. _________ iii. _________ b. Elements i. always contain _____________ ii. Usually ________ number of atoms iii. Unlike carbohydrates there is no specific ratio between hydrogen and oxygen C12H24O2 C54H102O6 c. Subunits: ________________________ i. Glycerol ii. Fatty Acid – has ________ (_________) on the end iii. Joined together by dehydration synthesis d. Function i. _____________ of energy ii. _________ and __________ iii. Make up ______________ 3. Proteins a. Examples: Hair, Nails, ____________, _________, Bones, Cartilage, Muscles, _______________ Specific Proteins: _________, Trypsin, __________, Actin, Myocin, keratin b. Elements: i. Always Contain _______________ ii. N = _____________ iii. Sometimes proteins have sulfur and phosphorus c. Subunits: ___________________ i. All proteins are made from ____________________. ii. Amino Acids small organic molecules with an ____________ and an ________ (carboxyl) group R – is a variable group of atoms that changes with each specific amino acid iii. ___________ = chains of amino acids iv. Dehydration Synthesis forms a peptide bond between the carbon and nitrogen atoms. Peptide Bond d. Function i. ____________________________ cell __________, cell skeleton, centrioles ii. ____________________ _________________ molecules that make reactions happen iii. _________________ ______________ iv. _________________ protect the body from infection __________ is DETERMINED by the _______ of the Protein __________ is DETERMINED by the ________ of _________________ 4. Enzymes a. ______________________________ b. Generally their names end in –ase Amylase, protease, lipase c. _________________________ - ___________________ without being changed themselves. - Involved in _______________________ in your body d. Enzymes Structure i. Enzymes are proteins so the structure is determined by the _____________________. ii. _____________________ Area on the enzyme that conducts the reaction Active Site has a _________________________________ iii. _____________ ________________________________ iv. Enzyme Substrate Complex temporary molecule formed when the enzyme and substrate bind together v. ___________________ what is left over after the enzyme does its work PRODUCT SUBSTRATE ACTIVE SITE ____________________________ _______ _______ __________ e. Enzyme Specificity i. Enzymes are ______________________________. SHAPE ii. Lock and Key Model Enzyme and substrate ____________________ Just like one lock has one key that fits it iii. Induced Fit Model More realistic model of enzyme activity Enzyme changes shape with the help of a coenzyme to fit substrate Allows enzymes to fit similarly shaped substrate molecules COENZYME Coenzymes are enzyme helpers f. Factors that Effect Enzyme Activity i. ___________________ - Enzymes have an ___________ temperature at which they work (__________________) - As temperature increases, enzyme activity increases for the most part - If temp is too high, protein becomes _______________ (change in _________) and no longer works. COOKED! ii. _______ = Power of Hydrogen - scale that measures the strengths of _______ and ______ - 1 – 14 _______ = ______ - closer to 1 the stronger the acid ___ = ___________ _______ = ______ - closer to 14 the stronger the base - Like temperature enzymes work at an ___________ pH - at pH outside the optimal range enzymes can be ______________ – too high or too low. iii. ____________________ - The amount of enzyme or substrate can affect the enzyme activity to a point. - As the concentration increases the enzyme activity increases until it “_____________” 5. Nucleic Acids i. Examples ● __________ – deoxyribonucleic acid ● __________ – ribonucleic acid ● Hereditary material, controls ______________ ii. Elements _______________ iii. Subunit: ________________ 3 parts: a. _____________ b. ________ (_______ or ___________________) c. ___________________ (Has nitrogen) DNA – _______, _______, _______, _______ RNA – _______, _______, _______, _______ iv. Function - Carry ____________ _______________ - _____________ for _________________ - The order of nitrogenous bases (A, T, G, C) determines the _______ of _____________ - The order of amino acids determines the protein F. Biochemical Reactions 1. Dehydrations Synthesis chemical combination of two small molecules to make another larger molecule with water being driven off Synthesis = Make bigger, build up Dehydration = remove H2O Remove 2 H and 1 O from molecules so they can bind together 2. Hydrolysis chemical digestion of a large molecule into smaller, simpler molecules by adding water opposite of dehydration synthesis