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Chapter 3 Microbiology Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and
... Transport of iron. Many different organisms including the bacteria require iron in the cell to form porphyrin ring for heme portion of cytochrome systems for electron transport. Iron salts are insoluble and concentration in the aquatic environment is low, as is in the mammalian host body where iron ...
... Transport of iron. Many different organisms including the bacteria require iron in the cell to form porphyrin ring for heme portion of cytochrome systems for electron transport. Iron salts are insoluble and concentration in the aquatic environment is low, as is in the mammalian host body where iron ...
Cellular Respiration
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain does not make ATP directly. It generates a proton gradient across the inner mitochon ...
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain does not make ATP directly. It generates a proton gradient across the inner mitochon ...
doc Final Exam 2003
... a) it would continue to release glucose long after the epinephrine was no longer present. b) it would be unable to break down glycogen to produce glucose. c) it would release much less glucose than normal. d) it would release glucose only as long as epinephrine was present. e) it would release norma ...
... a) it would continue to release glucose long after the epinephrine was no longer present. b) it would be unable to break down glycogen to produce glucose. c) it would release much less glucose than normal. d) it would release glucose only as long as epinephrine was present. e) it would release norma ...
Chapter 17 - FIU Faculty Websites
... A key function of the citric acid cycle is to harvest high-energy electrons in the form of NADH and FADH2. The two carbon acetyl unit from acetyl CoA condenses with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which is subsequently oxidized. The high-energy electrons are used to reduce O2 to H2O. This reduction g ...
... A key function of the citric acid cycle is to harvest high-energy electrons in the form of NADH and FADH2. The two carbon acetyl unit from acetyl CoA condenses with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which is subsequently oxidized. The high-energy electrons are used to reduce O2 to H2O. This reduction g ...
BIOAVAILABILITY Membranes
... • Flip flop or transverse diffusion and this is not common • Rotation of the phospholipids about their long axis: very common • Lateral diffusion in the plane of the membrane ...
... • Flip flop or transverse diffusion and this is not common • Rotation of the phospholipids about their long axis: very common • Lateral diffusion in the plane of the membrane ...
Proteins and Enzymes (p
... End product inhibition prevents the cell from wasting chemical resources and energy by making more of a substance than it needs. Many metabolic reactions occur in an assembly line type of process so that a specific end product can be achieved. Each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. When the en ...
... End product inhibition prevents the cell from wasting chemical resources and energy by making more of a substance than it needs. Many metabolic reactions occur in an assembly line type of process so that a specific end product can be achieved. Each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. When the en ...
PHOTOTROPHS
... Reductive (reverse) citric acid cycle Represents the reversion of the citric acid cycle Replacement of 3 enzymes: 1) ATP-citrate lyase instead of the citrate synthase 2) !-ketoglutarate-synthase instead of "ketoglutaratedehydrogenase 3) Fumarate synthase instead of succinate dehydrogenase ...
... Reductive (reverse) citric acid cycle Represents the reversion of the citric acid cycle Replacement of 3 enzymes: 1) ATP-citrate lyase instead of the citrate synthase 2) !-ketoglutarate-synthase instead of "ketoglutaratedehydrogenase 3) Fumarate synthase instead of succinate dehydrogenase ...
Enzymes
... 37oC DENATURE (change shape) at high temperatures Inactive (doesn’t work that well) at LOW temperature ...
... 37oC DENATURE (change shape) at high temperatures Inactive (doesn’t work that well) at LOW temperature ...
2 hours
... Answer: Common molecules and mechanisms are evident in motifs and patterns throughout metabolic pathways. Understanding the logic of catabolic and anabolic paths, and knowing common molecules (such as ATP) and mechanisms (oxidation-reduction) makes it simpler to understand the myriad paths of metabo ...
... Answer: Common molecules and mechanisms are evident in motifs and patterns throughout metabolic pathways. Understanding the logic of catabolic and anabolic paths, and knowing common molecules (such as ATP) and mechanisms (oxidation-reduction) makes it simpler to understand the myriad paths of metabo ...
PP Cellular Energy
... that is broken down. • Cellular respiration involves many different reactions, each controlled by ...
... that is broken down. • Cellular respiration involves many different reactions, each controlled by ...
SC.912.L.18.11 Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that lower
... substance on which an enzyme acts during a chemical reaction is called a substrate. Enzymes act only on specific substrates. An enzyme’s shape determines its activity. Typically, an enzyme is a large protein with one or more deep folds on its surface. These folds form pockets called active sites. As ...
... substance on which an enzyme acts during a chemical reaction is called a substrate. Enzymes act only on specific substrates. An enzyme’s shape determines its activity. Typically, an enzyme is a large protein with one or more deep folds on its surface. These folds form pockets called active sites. As ...
2005
... 15. [2] Name an enzyme that catalyzes an anaplerotic reaction, and name its cofactor. _________________________ _________________________ 16. [2] Name two enzymes that occur in the glyoxylate cycle but are not members of the citric acid cycle. ____________________ ________________________ 17. [14] I ...
... 15. [2] Name an enzyme that catalyzes an anaplerotic reaction, and name its cofactor. _________________________ _________________________ 16. [2] Name two enzymes that occur in the glyoxylate cycle but are not members of the citric acid cycle. ____________________ ________________________ 17. [14] I ...
Metabolism Practice Questions
... 7. Fatty acids must be converted to ____ before entering the Krebs cycle. a. pyruvate b. acetyl CoA ...
... 7. Fatty acids must be converted to ____ before entering the Krebs cycle. a. pyruvate b. acetyl CoA ...
C454_lect13
... ATP is the universal energy currency ATP generated by oxidation of fuel molecules NADPH electron donor in reductive biosynthesis Biosynthetic precursors Biosynthetic and degradative pathways are distinct ...
... ATP is the universal energy currency ATP generated by oxidation of fuel molecules NADPH electron donor in reductive biosynthesis Biosynthetic precursors Biosynthetic and degradative pathways are distinct ...
adjusting the conditions inside when the outside conditions change
... 8. In stage 2, a large amount of ATP is made if __________________ is present. 9. If oxygen is present, it is called ________________ ___________________. 10. Where does this process occur in eukaryotic cells? ___________________ 11. Where does this process occur in prokaryotic cells? ______________ ...
... 8. In stage 2, a large amount of ATP is made if __________________ is present. 9. If oxygen is present, it is called ________________ ___________________. 10. Where does this process occur in eukaryotic cells? ___________________ 11. Where does this process occur in prokaryotic cells? ______________ ...
PowerPoint 簡報
... • However, the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3phosphate consumes NAD+ that will not be ...
... • However, the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3phosphate consumes NAD+ that will not be ...
Figure 2-5
... Each atom can make a characteristic number of bonds (e.g., carbon is able to form 4 covalent bonds) Covalent bonds in biological systems are typically single (one shared electron pair) or double (two shared electron pairs) ...
... Each atom can make a characteristic number of bonds (e.g., carbon is able to form 4 covalent bonds) Covalent bonds in biological systems are typically single (one shared electron pair) or double (two shared electron pairs) ...
Bacterial Genetics
... EC 3 enzymes are hydrolases (enzymes that use water to break up some other molecule) EC 3.4 are hydrolases that act on peptide bonds EC 3.4.11 are those hydrolases that cleave off the amino-terminal amino acid from a polypeptide EC 3.4.11.4 are those that cleave off the amino-terminal end from a tri ...
... EC 3 enzymes are hydrolases (enzymes that use water to break up some other molecule) EC 3.4 are hydrolases that act on peptide bonds EC 3.4.11 are those hydrolases that cleave off the amino-terminal amino acid from a polypeptide EC 3.4.11.4 are those that cleave off the amino-terminal end from a tri ...
Control and Integration of Metabolism
... • A reduction in substrate conc. will decrease the activity of a enzyme (provided it is not saturated with substrate) and this could result in a decreased flux through the pathway. • An increase in substrate concentration could stimulate the pathway. • For some metabolites such as blood glucose and ...
... • A reduction in substrate conc. will decrease the activity of a enzyme (provided it is not saturated with substrate) and this could result in a decreased flux through the pathway. • An increase in substrate concentration could stimulate the pathway. • For some metabolites such as blood glucose and ...
Ch. 9
... transport chain • Unlike an uncontrolled reaction, the electron transport chain passes electrons in a series of steps instead of one explosive reaction • Oxygen pulls electrons down the chain in an energy-yielding tumble • The energy yielded is used to regenerate ATP Copyright © 2005 Pearson Educati ...
... transport chain • Unlike an uncontrolled reaction, the electron transport chain passes electrons in a series of steps instead of one explosive reaction • Oxygen pulls electrons down the chain in an energy-yielding tumble • The energy yielded is used to regenerate ATP Copyright © 2005 Pearson Educati ...
9.1 Electron Transfer Reactions
... • An oxidation number (oxidation state) is a number used to keep track of electrons in oxidation-reduction reactions according to certain rules • An atom’s oxidation number is the positive or negative charge on the atom if the electron pairs in a covalent bond belong only to the more electronegative ...
... • An oxidation number (oxidation state) is a number used to keep track of electrons in oxidation-reduction reactions according to certain rules • An atom’s oxidation number is the positive or negative charge on the atom if the electron pairs in a covalent bond belong only to the more electronegative ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.