CELLULAR RESPIRATION: AEROBIC HARVESTING OF ENERGY
... – the cells are packed full of mitochondria, – the inner mitochondrial membrane contains an uncoupling protein, which allows H+ to flow back down its concentration gradient without generating ATP, and – ongoing oxidation of stored fats generates additional ...
... – the cells are packed full of mitochondria, – the inner mitochondrial membrane contains an uncoupling protein, which allows H+ to flow back down its concentration gradient without generating ATP, and – ongoing oxidation of stored fats generates additional ...
Preparation for Exam 1
... pathways by structure and know the intermediates that lead into or otherwise connect the pathways. Know their structures, not just the names. Know also the major events in pathway regulation. Know why a cell can survive without oxygen, how the Krebs cycle becomes a major source of reduced coenzymes ...
... pathways by structure and know the intermediates that lead into or otherwise connect the pathways. Know their structures, not just the names. Know also the major events in pathway regulation. Know why a cell can survive without oxygen, how the Krebs cycle becomes a major source of reduced coenzymes ...
Enzymology
... Electrostatic Effects Recall that the strength of electrostatic interactions is related to the capacity of surrounding solvent molecules to reduce the attractive forces between chemical groups. Because water is largely excluded from the active site of most enzymes, the local dielectric constant is ...
... Electrostatic Effects Recall that the strength of electrostatic interactions is related to the capacity of surrounding solvent molecules to reduce the attractive forces between chemical groups. Because water is largely excluded from the active site of most enzymes, the local dielectric constant is ...
Ch. 2- BIOCHEMISTRY Macromolecules
... _______________ (polar) molecules - have polar covalent bonds; _______________ in water; dissociate easily; Ex: glucose, amino acids _______________ (nonpolar) molecules - mainly nonpolar covalent bonds; do _____ dissolve in water; have few charges; Ex: Lipids (fats) Ionic Bonds-electrons ____ ...
... _______________ (polar) molecules - have polar covalent bonds; _______________ in water; dissociate easily; Ex: glucose, amino acids _______________ (nonpolar) molecules - mainly nonpolar covalent bonds; do _____ dissolve in water; have few charges; Ex: Lipids (fats) Ionic Bonds-electrons ____ ...
LOYOLA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), CHENNAI – 600 034
... (5 x 1 = 5 marks) (11) Ethanol acts as a ________ inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase when used in methanol poisoning. (12) ________ is a naturally occurring ribozyme. (13) Stability of an enzyme can be improved by introducing _______ bonds in the enzyme structure. (14) ________ enzyme is used in the ...
... (5 x 1 = 5 marks) (11) Ethanol acts as a ________ inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase when used in methanol poisoning. (12) ________ is a naturally occurring ribozyme. (13) Stability of an enzyme can be improved by introducing _______ bonds in the enzyme structure. (14) ________ enzyme is used in the ...
File
... B. The molecule must be stored around his waist before the energy can be used C. The molecule has no energy. It will be used to create energy as he sleeps. D. He will get a fever. Question 10 Which of the following is true about protein molecules? A. The shape and folded structure of a protein molec ...
... B. The molecule must be stored around his waist before the energy can be used C. The molecule has no energy. It will be used to create energy as he sleeps. D. He will get a fever. Question 10 Which of the following is true about protein molecules? A. The shape and folded structure of a protein molec ...
Name - Skule
... fluorescent dye and now you plan to use FRAP to quantify the rate of movement of your protein within the plasma membrane. As a control, you label a second protein (NTRL) with a red fluorescent dye, which you previously characterized using FRAP and found to be very mobile. You look at your dual-label ...
... fluorescent dye and now you plan to use FRAP to quantify the rate of movement of your protein within the plasma membrane. As a control, you label a second protein (NTRL) with a red fluorescent dye, which you previously characterized using FRAP and found to be very mobile. You look at your dual-label ...
Chapter 9 Lecture Slides - Tanque Verde Unified School District
... molecules NADH and FADH2 gives up electrons that pass through a series of reactions. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor. Electron carrier proteins ...
... molecules NADH and FADH2 gives up electrons that pass through a series of reactions. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor. Electron carrier proteins ...
Document
... Oxygen was the oxidizing agent (acceptor of the H’s). An oxidation-reduction reaction: Cysteines are getting oxidized (losing H atoms, with electron; NOT losing a proton, not like acids.) Oxygen is getting reduced, gaining H-atoms and electrons Actually it’s the loss and gain of the electrons that c ...
... Oxygen was the oxidizing agent (acceptor of the H’s). An oxidation-reduction reaction: Cysteines are getting oxidized (losing H atoms, with electron; NOT losing a proton, not like acids.) Oxygen is getting reduced, gaining H-atoms and electrons Actually it’s the loss and gain of the electrons that c ...
Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration STAGE 1: Glycolysis
... for 1 billon years+ this is how life on Earth survived no O2= slow growth, slow reproduction only harvest 3.5% of energy stored in glucose more carbons to strip off = more energy to harvest ...
... for 1 billon years+ this is how life on Earth survived no O2= slow growth, slow reproduction only harvest 3.5% of energy stored in glucose more carbons to strip off = more energy to harvest ...
classification of enzymes
... Variations A.When (S) is much less than Km Vi = V max [S] OR V max [S] K [S] Km + {S} Km So Vi depends upon substrate concentration ...
... Variations A.When (S) is much less than Km Vi = V max [S] OR V max [S] K [S] Km + {S} Km So Vi depends upon substrate concentration ...
Chapter 6
... transfers electrons and protons onto FAD. • NADH and FADH2 pass these electrons to the electron transport chain located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... transfers electrons and protons onto FAD. • NADH and FADH2 pass these electrons to the electron transport chain located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
ATP ENERGY PRODUCTION
... • As heart rate and rate of ventilation increase more oxygen gets to the working muscles. • Within 1-2 minutes the muscles are being supplied with enough O2 to allow effective ...
... • As heart rate and rate of ventilation increase more oxygen gets to the working muscles. • Within 1-2 minutes the muscles are being supplied with enough O2 to allow effective ...
Chemistry 326 Name_____________________ Fall 2009 Check
... 7. When a muscle is stimulated to contract aerobically, less lactic acid is formed than when it contracts anaerobically because: a. aerobic conditions prevent the activation of phosphorylase and make less substrate available for glycolysis b. under aerobic conditions most of the pyruvate generated ...
... 7. When a muscle is stimulated to contract aerobically, less lactic acid is formed than when it contracts anaerobically because: a. aerobic conditions prevent the activation of phosphorylase and make less substrate available for glycolysis b. under aerobic conditions most of the pyruvate generated ...
Chapter 5
... transferred from one molecule to ADP. This requires a specific enzyme that can transfer the phosphate from this specific molecule to ADP. ...
... transferred from one molecule to ADP. This requires a specific enzyme that can transfer the phosphate from this specific molecule to ADP. ...
VII. Exocytosis and Endocytosis
... diffusion", molecules are moved to the side of the membrane where they are less concentrated. 2. In active transport, proteins become activated to move a solute against its concentration gradient (requires energy in the form of ATP). C. Active Transport 1. To move ions and large molecules across a m ...
... diffusion", molecules are moved to the side of the membrane where they are less concentrated. 2. In active transport, proteins become activated to move a solute against its concentration gradient (requires energy in the form of ATP). C. Active Transport 1. To move ions and large molecules across a m ...
Cell - Notes Milenge
... the presence of oxygen. When oxygen is limited, the glycolytic products will be metabolized by anaerobic fermentation, a process that is independent of the mitochondria.[8] The production of ATP from glucose has an approximately 13-times higher yield during aerobic respiration compared to fermentati ...
... the presence of oxygen. When oxygen is limited, the glycolytic products will be metabolized by anaerobic fermentation, a process that is independent of the mitochondria.[8] The production of ATP from glucose has an approximately 13-times higher yield during aerobic respiration compared to fermentati ...
Study Guide for Midterm
... These will be worth about 10% of the grade! 1) Draw a carbon, hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen Atom. Include the proper number and placement of protons, electrons, and neutrons. 2) Give an example of a monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide, lipid, and protein) 3) Compare and contrast ionic bond ...
... These will be worth about 10% of the grade! 1) Draw a carbon, hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen Atom. Include the proper number and placement of protons, electrons, and neutrons. 2) Give an example of a monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide, lipid, and protein) 3) Compare and contrast ionic bond ...
File - Serrano High School AP Biology
... another used in photosynthesis. These molecules readily give up 2 e- (oxidized) and gain 2 e(reduced). The dehydrogenase enzyme will remove 2 H from a molecule and give 2 electrons and 1 H+ to NAD+. The other H+ is released into the environment. The NAD+ becomes NADH (neutral). NADH has stored energ ...
... another used in photosynthesis. These molecules readily give up 2 e- (oxidized) and gain 2 e(reduced). The dehydrogenase enzyme will remove 2 H from a molecule and give 2 electrons and 1 H+ to NAD+. The other H+ is released into the environment. The NAD+ becomes NADH (neutral). NADH has stored energ ...
Enduring Understanding: Growth, reproduction and maintenance of
... ATP by aerobic respiration when oxygen is available but switches to fermentation when oxygen is not available ◦ Obligate Anaerobes – carry out only fermentation (anaerobic respiration) and cannot survive in the presence of oxygen ...
... ATP by aerobic respiration when oxygen is available but switches to fermentation when oxygen is not available ◦ Obligate Anaerobes – carry out only fermentation (anaerobic respiration) and cannot survive in the presence of oxygen ...
36. ______ layers of ______ make up the cell membrane.
... 25. __________ bonds form when water is removed to hold _________ acids together. Lipids are large, nonpolar (won't dissolve in water) molecules. Phospholipids make up cell membranes. Lipids also serve as waxy coverings (cuticle) on plants, pigments (chlorophyll), and steroids. Lipids have more carb ...
... 25. __________ bonds form when water is removed to hold _________ acids together. Lipids are large, nonpolar (won't dissolve in water) molecules. Phospholipids make up cell membranes. Lipids also serve as waxy coverings (cuticle) on plants, pigments (chlorophyll), and steroids. Lipids have more carb ...
Essential amino acids
... non- ATP required the hydrolysis-selective are bad Degrade adventive protein ...
... non- ATP required the hydrolysis-selective are bad Degrade adventive protein ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.