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metabolism - Websupport1
... electron is passed from one cytochrome to the next down the ETS, enough energy is released to pump hydrogen ions from the mitochondrial matrix into the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Electron passed down the ETS from one NADH pumps 6 hydrogen, and electron from one FADH2 pumps 4 hydrogen. Concen ...
... electron is passed from one cytochrome to the next down the ETS, enough energy is released to pump hydrogen ions from the mitochondrial matrix into the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Electron passed down the ETS from one NADH pumps 6 hydrogen, and electron from one FADH2 pumps 4 hydrogen. Concen ...
Preview Sample 1
... 31. The electron transport chains: A. are "circuits" for small amounts of electricity to pass through. B. are made of proteins called cytochromes. C. deliver energy to cytochrome to pump H+ into the intermembrane space. D. are in the inner-mitochondrial membrane. E. all of these answers. ...
... 31. The electron transport chains: A. are "circuits" for small amounts of electricity to pass through. B. are made of proteins called cytochromes. C. deliver energy to cytochrome to pump H+ into the intermembrane space. D. are in the inner-mitochondrial membrane. E. all of these answers. ...
Metals in Redox Biology - University of Nebraska–Lincoln
... – Iron pool expanded in yeast lacking Mtm1, Grx5, Ssq1 Sod2 inactivation ...
... – Iron pool expanded in yeast lacking Mtm1, Grx5, Ssq1 Sod2 inactivation ...
detailed lecture outline
... Concentration gradients across membranes represent a form of potential energy that can be harnessed by the cell. The electron transport system does not produce ATP directly. Instead, it creates the conditions necessary for ATP production by creating a steep concentration gradient across the inner ...
... Concentration gradients across membranes represent a form of potential energy that can be harnessed by the cell. The electron transport system does not produce ATP directly. Instead, it creates the conditions necessary for ATP production by creating a steep concentration gradient across the inner ...
Bacteria - Eubacteria
... In some species, the membrane is a mixture of both C20 and C40 diglycerides forming a mixed mono-/bi-layer. The C40 diglycerides prevent the bi-layer from de-laminating! ...
... In some species, the membrane is a mixture of both C20 and C40 diglycerides forming a mixed mono-/bi-layer. The C40 diglycerides prevent the bi-layer from de-laminating! ...
Biomolecule Discussion Guide KEY
... Instructions: Fill in this guide as your teacher leads you through a discussion on biomolecules. I. What is a Biomolecule? A biomolecule is an organic molecule produced by living organisms and made mostly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. II. Organic molecules and Inorganic molecules—what’s the diffe ...
... Instructions: Fill in this guide as your teacher leads you through a discussion on biomolecules. I. What is a Biomolecule? A biomolecule is an organic molecule produced by living organisms and made mostly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. II. Organic molecules and Inorganic molecules—what’s the diffe ...
Toxic Effects of Nitric Oxide
... shut down cellular activities. As a result of the high reactivity with a wide range of cellular components, NO+ is very toxic to cells. ...
... shut down cellular activities. As a result of the high reactivity with a wide range of cellular components, NO+ is very toxic to cells. ...
Kate Buckman Modified session plan: Fermentation: one part in a
... or organisms, pyruvate is transported to the mitochondria where it is oxidized ultimately to carbon dioxide and water, producing additional ATP and NADH (respiration). However in the absence of oxygen this pathway is not an option. As NADH is only present in small amounts, it must be oxidized back t ...
... or organisms, pyruvate is transported to the mitochondria where it is oxidized ultimately to carbon dioxide and water, producing additional ATP and NADH (respiration). However in the absence of oxygen this pathway is not an option. As NADH is only present in small amounts, it must be oxidized back t ...
Energy Ch6
... • 6.3.1 ATP Is the Principal Energy Carrier in Cells – Figure 6.4 ADP and ATP (p. 104) – Unnumbered Figure 6 (Hide/Reveal) ATP synthesis: Energy is stored in ATP (p. 104) – Unnumbered Figure 7 (Hide/Reveal) ATP breakdown: Energy of ATP is released (p. 104) – Figure 6.5 Coupled reactions within livin ...
... • 6.3.1 ATP Is the Principal Energy Carrier in Cells – Figure 6.4 ADP and ATP (p. 104) – Unnumbered Figure 6 (Hide/Reveal) ATP synthesis: Energy is stored in ATP (p. 104) – Unnumbered Figure 7 (Hide/Reveal) ATP breakdown: Energy of ATP is released (p. 104) – Figure 6.5 Coupled reactions within livin ...
Chapter 2 - SCHOOLinSITES
... • Some lipids are products of dehydration synthesis of 3 molecules of fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol = Triglycerides ...
... • Some lipids are products of dehydration synthesis of 3 molecules of fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol = Triglycerides ...
Review on Biochemistry: Protein Chemistry
... When blood glucose enters the erythrocytes it glycosylates the -amino group of lysine and the N-terminal of Hb. The fraction of Hb glycosylated, normally about 5%, is proportionate to blood glucose concentration. Since the half-life of an erythrocyte is typically 60 days, the level of glycosylate ...
... When blood glucose enters the erythrocytes it glycosylates the -amino group of lysine and the N-terminal of Hb. The fraction of Hb glycosylated, normally about 5%, is proportionate to blood glucose concentration. Since the half-life of an erythrocyte is typically 60 days, the level of glycosylate ...
Chapter 22 REDOX
... consists of two inert platinum electrodes immersed in water. A small amount of an electrolyte, H2SO4, must be added to the water for the reaction to take place. The electrodes are connected to a source that supplies electricity. ...
... consists of two inert platinum electrodes immersed in water. A small amount of an electrolyte, H2SO4, must be added to the water for the reaction to take place. The electrodes are connected to a source that supplies electricity. ...
Fermentation - Sacred Heart Academy
... • Fermentation is a way of harvesting chemical energy that does not require oxygen. Fermentation – takes advantage of glycolysis, – produces two ATP molecules per glucose, and – reduces NAD+ to NADH. ...
... • Fermentation is a way of harvesting chemical energy that does not require oxygen. Fermentation – takes advantage of glycolysis, – produces two ATP molecules per glucose, and – reduces NAD+ to NADH. ...
RESPIRATION
... • Stepwise breakdown of respiratory substartes to CO2 and H2O in presence of oxygen is referred to as aerobic respiration. • It involve 4 major stages:• (A) Glycolytic breakdown of glucose to pyruvic ...
... • Stepwise breakdown of respiratory substartes to CO2 and H2O in presence of oxygen is referred to as aerobic respiration. • It involve 4 major stages:• (A) Glycolytic breakdown of glucose to pyruvic ...
Chocolate Wasted 40 Answer
... Sugar Coma 50 Answer Oxygen is highly electronegative (wants electrons) and picks up the depleted electrons at the end of the chain to free up space for more eto move down ...
... Sugar Coma 50 Answer Oxygen is highly electronegative (wants electrons) and picks up the depleted electrons at the end of the chain to free up space for more eto move down ...
2-Phospho
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP directly • It breaks the large free-energy drop from food to O2 int ...
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP directly • It breaks the large free-energy drop from food to O2 int ...
42P PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOCHEMICAL SOCIETY
... of enzymes associated with photosynthesis, chloroplasts have a capacity for DNA synthesis, DNAdependent RNA synthesis, protein synthesis and fatty acid synthesis. It was therefore decided to determine whether chloroplasts, which contain both chlorophylls and haems, possess the enzymes of tetrapyrrol ...
... of enzymes associated with photosynthesis, chloroplasts have a capacity for DNA synthesis, DNAdependent RNA synthesis, protein synthesis and fatty acid synthesis. It was therefore decided to determine whether chloroplasts, which contain both chlorophylls and haems, possess the enzymes of tetrapyrrol ...
+ energy
... Activated carriers for reductive biosynthesis: NADPH •High-potential electrons are required in most biosyntheses because the precursors are more oxidized than the products •Electron donor in most reductive biosyntheses is NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) –2’-hydroxyl group of ade ...
... Activated carriers for reductive biosynthesis: NADPH •High-potential electrons are required in most biosyntheses because the precursors are more oxidized than the products •Electron donor in most reductive biosyntheses is NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) –2’-hydroxyl group of ade ...
9700/04 - StudyGuide.PK
... (a) Describe the importance of ATP in cells, giving two examples of processes in which it is used. ...
... (a) Describe the importance of ATP in cells, giving two examples of processes in which it is used. ...
Biochemistry 3020 1. All of the following enzymes involved in the
... glucose 6-phosphate without the investment of energy from ATP. Hydrolysis of glycogen yields free glucose, which must be converted into glucose 6-phosphate (at the expense of ATP) before it can enter glycolysis. ...
... glucose 6-phosphate without the investment of energy from ATP. Hydrolysis of glycogen yields free glucose, which must be converted into glucose 6-phosphate (at the expense of ATP) before it can enter glycolysis. ...
A1988N971200001
... The development of these results immediately led us into the heart of a number of general problems. These problems included the enzymatic mechanism of active proton transport across the plasma membrane, its relationships with other transport processes, the regulation of the state of the apoplast, th ...
... The development of these results immediately led us into the heart of a number of general problems. These problems included the enzymatic mechanism of active proton transport across the plasma membrane, its relationships with other transport processes, the regulation of the state of the apoplast, th ...
Chemiosmotic systems in bioenergetics
... system (PTS) which was later found in many bacterial species. The system in question: (a) imports extracellular glucose into the bacterium; and (b) phosphorylates it using phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to form intracellular glucose 6-phosphate (gl-6-P). The energy difference between the high energy phos ...
... system (PTS) which was later found in many bacterial species. The system in question: (a) imports extracellular glucose into the bacterium; and (b) phosphorylates it using phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to form intracellular glucose 6-phosphate (gl-6-P). The energy difference between the high energy phos ...
cellular respiration
... 6.9 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules • The citric acid cycle • is also called the Krebs cycle (after the GermanBritish researcher Hans Krebs, who worked out much of this pathway in the 1930s), • completes the oxidation of o ...
... 6.9 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules • The citric acid cycle • is also called the Krebs cycle (after the GermanBritish researcher Hans Krebs, who worked out much of this pathway in the 1930s), • completes the oxidation of o ...
Cell Size and Shape
... These two stages are preceded by an intermediate step in which pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl-CoA ...
... These two stages are preceded by an intermediate step in which pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl-CoA ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.