Mitochondria & Chloroplasts
... break down larger molecules into smaller to generate energy = catabolism generate energy in presence of O2 = aerobic respiration ...
... break down larger molecules into smaller to generate energy = catabolism generate energy in presence of O2 = aerobic respiration ...
Energy
... Thermal energy provided by room temperature is sufficient to reach the transition state ...
... Thermal energy provided by room temperature is sufficient to reach the transition state ...
k28 The hydrogen hypothesis for the first eukaryote - e
... defenses would long have been, suggests Nick Lane in Oxygen: The Molecule that Made the World, 2003, because water-splitting ultraviolet radiation on the ocean surface would, from the beginning, have pushed cells to evolve antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase.8 Since aerobic respiration generates A ...
... defenses would long have been, suggests Nick Lane in Oxygen: The Molecule that Made the World, 2003, because water-splitting ultraviolet radiation on the ocean surface would, from the beginning, have pushed cells to evolve antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase.8 Since aerobic respiration generates A ...
video slide - yayscienceclass
... glyceraldehyde phosphate) and is commonly symbolized as PGAL or G3P in your text. Two of these will form glucose, the others will be recycled to use again in this cycle. • Note: For each carbon atom that is released from the Calvin cycle in a highenergy carbohydrate molecule, one low energy carbon d ...
... glyceraldehyde phosphate) and is commonly symbolized as PGAL or G3P in your text. Two of these will form glucose, the others will be recycled to use again in this cycle. • Note: For each carbon atom that is released from the Calvin cycle in a highenergy carbohydrate molecule, one low energy carbon d ...
2016 일반생물학 Ch.7 Photosynthesis
... Photosynthesis uses light energy, CO2, and H2O • The chloroplast, which integrates the two stages of photosynthesis, makes sugar from CO2 – All but a few microscopic organisms depend on the food-making machinery of photosynthesis – Plants make more food than they actually need and stockpile it a ...
... Photosynthesis uses light energy, CO2, and H2O • The chloroplast, which integrates the two stages of photosynthesis, makes sugar from CO2 – All but a few microscopic organisms depend on the food-making machinery of photosynthesis – Plants make more food than they actually need and stockpile it a ...
Citrate Cycle
... • Based on ATP currency exchange ratio, and the one substrate level phosphorylation reaction, each turn of the cycle produces ~10 ATP for every acetyl-CoA that is oxidized. • Since regeneration of NAD+ and FAD inside the mitochondrial matrix is required to maintain flux through the citrate cycle (f ...
... • Based on ATP currency exchange ratio, and the one substrate level phosphorylation reaction, each turn of the cycle produces ~10 ATP for every acetyl-CoA that is oxidized. • Since regeneration of NAD+ and FAD inside the mitochondrial matrix is required to maintain flux through the citrate cycle (f ...
投影片 1
... • porphyrin ring : absorption of light • hydrophobic phytol tail: in thylakoid membrane • Accessory pigments: carotenoids (capture energy and removal excited energy) ...
... • porphyrin ring : absorption of light • hydrophobic phytol tail: in thylakoid membrane • Accessory pigments: carotenoids (capture energy and removal excited energy) ...
Lecture 3 Nutrient Roles in Bioenergetics
... LO3-5: Explain and describe the steps of energy transfer from: (i) glycogen and glucose to ATP in glycolysis, (ii) from coenzymes to high energy phosphate bonds in the citric acid cycle and (iii) from lactate in the Cori Cycle. LO3-6: Name the sources of fat for catabolism and describe the steps in ...
... LO3-5: Explain and describe the steps of energy transfer from: (i) glycogen and glucose to ATP in glycolysis, (ii) from coenzymes to high energy phosphate bonds in the citric acid cycle and (iii) from lactate in the Cori Cycle. LO3-6: Name the sources of fat for catabolism and describe the steps in ...
video slide - Jackson County School District
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from f ...
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from f ...
Stabilization of carbanions
... apoenzyme: the enzyme devoid of all of the cofactors required for activity (protein only)! holoenzyme: the enzyme with all of its cofactors! required for catalytic activity ...
... apoenzyme: the enzyme devoid of all of the cofactors required for activity (protein only)! holoenzyme: the enzyme with all of its cofactors! required for catalytic activity ...
ATP production in isolated mitochondria of procyclic Trypanosoma
... The single mitochondrion of insect stage T. brucei has three in part overlapping ATP production pathways (1, 2)(Fig. 1). First, as in mitochondria from other organisms ATP is produced by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in a cyanide-sensitive electron transport chain. Second, as expected one step ...
... The single mitochondrion of insect stage T. brucei has three in part overlapping ATP production pathways (1, 2)(Fig. 1). First, as in mitochondria from other organisms ATP is produced by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in a cyanide-sensitive electron transport chain. Second, as expected one step ...
Notes Chapter 3 Biochemistry
... a) Cholesterol is steroid that is needed by the body for nerve cells and other cells to function normally b) Added to cell membrane to make it more fluid – fluid mosaic model 3. Nucleic Acids – very large and complex organic molecules that store information in cells made of long chains of nucleotide ...
... a) Cholesterol is steroid that is needed by the body for nerve cells and other cells to function normally b) Added to cell membrane to make it more fluid – fluid mosaic model 3. Nucleic Acids – very large and complex organic molecules that store information in cells made of long chains of nucleotide ...
ATP ENERGY PRODUCTION - SHMD 339: Exercise Physiology 3
... 1. The phosphocreatine system (ATP/PC) or alactic system. 2. The lactic acid system or anaerobic glycolysis. 3. The aerobic system. • Each method is good at supplying energy for particular energy demands and duration. • Systems 1 & 2 are anaerobic = take place without ...
... 1. The phosphocreatine system (ATP/PC) or alactic system. 2. The lactic acid system or anaerobic glycolysis. 3. The aerobic system. • Each method is good at supplying energy for particular energy demands and duration. • Systems 1 & 2 are anaerobic = take place without ...
Chapter 6 An Introduction To Metabolism
... Binding of an activator to the allosteric site stabilizes the active conformation of the enzyme Binding of an inhibitor to the allosteric site stabilizes the inactive form of the enzyme (non-competitive) ...
... Binding of an activator to the allosteric site stabilizes the active conformation of the enzyme Binding of an inhibitor to the allosteric site stabilizes the inactive form of the enzyme (non-competitive) ...
Practice Exam II
... 33). Which molecular movement at the oxygen-binding site of the heme allows for oxygen to remain bound to the heme? a). The proximal histidine releases the iron of the heme, allowing oxygen to bind due to a protein conformational change. b). The distal histidine binds to oxygen and allows for the ir ...
... 33). Which molecular movement at the oxygen-binding site of the heme allows for oxygen to remain bound to the heme? a). The proximal histidine releases the iron of the heme, allowing oxygen to bind due to a protein conformational change. b). The distal histidine binds to oxygen and allows for the ir ...
T05 oxs med 2013c
... What is a redox reaction? The most significant biological reactions relevant to bioprocesses are “redox reactions”. Redox reactions are characterised by an electron transfer from an electron donor to an electron acceptor. The electron donor is oxidised by loosing electrons while the electron accepto ...
... What is a redox reaction? The most significant biological reactions relevant to bioprocesses are “redox reactions”. Redox reactions are characterised by an electron transfer from an electron donor to an electron acceptor. The electron donor is oxidised by loosing electrons while the electron accepto ...
UNIT 5 ENERGY AND LIVING CELLS
... 2. H+ is expelled to inside by electreon transport system 3. Channel proteins permit H+ to move down the conc. gradient 4. ATP synthetase attaches phosphate to ADP or AMP using the Kinetic energy of the moving hydrogen ion. 5. This process is called chemiosmosis or chemiosmotic ATP synthesis. Phosph ...
... 2. H+ is expelled to inside by electreon transport system 3. Channel proteins permit H+ to move down the conc. gradient 4. ATP synthetase attaches phosphate to ADP or AMP using the Kinetic energy of the moving hydrogen ion. 5. This process is called chemiosmosis or chemiosmotic ATP synthesis. Phosph ...
Study Guide Test 3 * Organic Chemistry
... The characteristics of the side chain (polar or non-polar) will determine how they interact and cause the polypeptide to fold up into a complex structure (2nd, 3rd and 4th levels of structure). 8. What is meant by the phrase “a proteins’ function is determined by its shape” Without a specific shape, ...
... The characteristics of the side chain (polar or non-polar) will determine how they interact and cause the polypeptide to fold up into a complex structure (2nd, 3rd and 4th levels of structure). 8. What is meant by the phrase “a proteins’ function is determined by its shape” Without a specific shape, ...
Document
... cell swelling stimulates the Na+‐ K+ pump to ↓ ion concentration, ↓ osmolarity and cell swelling • Secondary active transport steep concentration gradient maintained between one side of the membrane and the other – (water behind a dam) Sodium‐glucose transport protein (SGLT) – simultaneously b ...
... cell swelling stimulates the Na+‐ K+ pump to ↓ ion concentration, ↓ osmolarity and cell swelling • Secondary active transport steep concentration gradient maintained between one side of the membrane and the other – (water behind a dam) Sodium‐glucose transport protein (SGLT) – simultaneously b ...
Chapter 10 Photosynthesis Part 2
... • It costs 2 ATP to transport each CO2 into a bundle sheath cell. • The energetic cost of C4 Photosynthesis is twice that of C3 Photosynthesis. • Photosynthesis is advantegous in hot ...
... • It costs 2 ATP to transport each CO2 into a bundle sheath cell. • The energetic cost of C4 Photosynthesis is twice that of C3 Photosynthesis. • Photosynthesis is advantegous in hot ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.