Ch 26 Notes
... electrons it receives to the next pump. 2 – Cytochrome b-c1 complex – electrons passed from Q to cyt b --- to cyt c –> passes electrons to next pump 3 – cytochrome oxidase complex – receives electrons from cyt c and passes them to Cu then to cyt a, cyt a3 and then to O. The negative O picks up 2 H+ ...
... electrons it receives to the next pump. 2 – Cytochrome b-c1 complex – electrons passed from Q to cyt b --- to cyt c –> passes electrons to next pump 3 – cytochrome oxidase complex – receives electrons from cyt c and passes them to Cu then to cyt a, cyt a3 and then to O. The negative O picks up 2 H+ ...
Lab 3: Enzymes
... exergonic reactions to occur (EA) • Bonds that will break and release energy need to get into the correct state • This contorted state is called the transition state – High-energy – Unstable ...
... exergonic reactions to occur (EA) • Bonds that will break and release energy need to get into the correct state • This contorted state is called the transition state – High-energy – Unstable ...
Chapter 32 - How Animals Harvest Energy Stored in Nutrients
... Animals require a constant supply of energy to perform biological work. The energy-rich molecule ATP usually provides this energy. All animals can generate ATP by breaking down organic nutrients (carbohydrates, fats, and proteins). The energy released is used to join ADP and phosphate (Pi) to form A ...
... Animals require a constant supply of energy to perform biological work. The energy-rich molecule ATP usually provides this energy. All animals can generate ATP by breaking down organic nutrients (carbohydrates, fats, and proteins). The energy released is used to join ADP and phosphate (Pi) to form A ...
October 24 AP Biology - John D. O`Bryant School of Math & Science
... A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second ...
... A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second ...
1. What is the source of our energy, and what is its fate in the body
... More than 90% of the oxygen we breathe is used in electron transport– ATP synthesis reactions. In these and other oxygen-consuming redox reactions, the product may not be water, but one or more of three highly reactive species. The superoxide ion, !O2- , and the hydroxyl free radical, !OH, can grab ...
... More than 90% of the oxygen we breathe is used in electron transport– ATP synthesis reactions. In these and other oxygen-consuming redox reactions, the product may not be water, but one or more of three highly reactive species. The superoxide ion, !O2- , and the hydroxyl free radical, !OH, can grab ...
BTEC National Unit 1 Energy Systems KW version
... Lactic acid is the by-product! The accumulation of acid in the body denatures enzymes and prevents them increasing the rate at which chemical reactions take place. Only a small amount of energy (5%) can be released from glycogen under anaerobic conditions (as opposed to 95% under aerobic conditions) ...
... Lactic acid is the by-product! The accumulation of acid in the body denatures enzymes and prevents them increasing the rate at which chemical reactions take place. Only a small amount of energy (5%) can be released from glycogen under anaerobic conditions (as opposed to 95% under aerobic conditions) ...
Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology
... – splits a compound by adding a phosphate (analagous to hydrolysis, but uses phosphate instead of water) ...
... – splits a compound by adding a phosphate (analagous to hydrolysis, but uses phosphate instead of water) ...
Solon City Schools
... • method that provides information on all the occupied energy levels of an atom (that is, the ionization energies of all electrons in the atom) is known as photoelectron spectroscopy; this method uses a photon (a packet of light energy) to knock an electron out of an atom. ...
... • method that provides information on all the occupied energy levels of an atom (that is, the ionization energies of all electrons in the atom) is known as photoelectron spectroscopy; this method uses a photon (a packet of light energy) to knock an electron out of an atom. ...
Chapter 2
... • method that provides information on all the occupied energy levels of an atom (that is, the ionization energies of all electrons in the atom) is known as photoelectron spectroscopy; this method uses a photon (a packet of light energy) to knock an electron out of an atom. ...
... • method that provides information on all the occupied energy levels of an atom (that is, the ionization energies of all electrons in the atom) is known as photoelectron spectroscopy; this method uses a photon (a packet of light energy) to knock an electron out of an atom. ...
Fall Exam 4 - Chemistry - University of Kentucky
... Starting with answer "1" on SIDE 1, fill in the circle indicating the one best answer for each of the 60 questions in this examination. Your score is the sum of the appropriate credit for each response. Soon after the examination is finished, an examination key will be posted on Blackboard. Grading ...
... Starting with answer "1" on SIDE 1, fill in the circle indicating the one best answer for each of the 60 questions in this examination. Your score is the sum of the appropriate credit for each response. Soon after the examination is finished, an examination key will be posted on Blackboard. Grading ...
Cellular respiration
... Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life
... (Fruits), and Glucose (in all cells) Each simple sugar has the same formula: C6H12O6; they only differ in the arrangement of the atoms Simple sugars are easy for the cells to produce and break down; they serve as the way for cells to store and release chemical energy ...
... (Fruits), and Glucose (in all cells) Each simple sugar has the same formula: C6H12O6; they only differ in the arrangement of the atoms Simple sugars are easy for the cells to produce and break down; they serve as the way for cells to store and release chemical energy ...
Photosynthesis and Sucrose Production
... within a special membrane, the thylakoid membrane, which contains chlorophyll and surrounds a lumen. This membrane resembles the thick inner membrane of mitochondria or oxygen-utilizing bacteria. The thylakoid membrane lies within an organelle called a chloroplast, which is exclusive to leaf cells a ...
... within a special membrane, the thylakoid membrane, which contains chlorophyll and surrounds a lumen. This membrane resembles the thick inner membrane of mitochondria or oxygen-utilizing bacteria. The thylakoid membrane lies within an organelle called a chloroplast, which is exclusive to leaf cells a ...
Protein Function
... that glutamic acid is in the –COOH form and aspartic acid is in the –COO- form. This implies a pH of about 4.0, quite different from the pH of the cell, which is around 7.4. To add water to the bond, the polysaccharide needs to be in a distorted position, with its electron distribution altered. This ...
... that glutamic acid is in the –COOH form and aspartic acid is in the –COO- form. This implies a pH of about 4.0, quite different from the pH of the cell, which is around 7.4. To add water to the bond, the polysaccharide needs to be in a distorted position, with its electron distribution altered. This ...
Biochemistry…
... Proton – a positively charged particle in an atom’s nucleus Neutron – a neutral (no charge) particle which has about the same mass as a proton and is also in the nucleus Electron – a negatively charged particle found outside the nucleus. Electrons are much, much smaller than proton and neutrons ...
... Proton – a positively charged particle in an atom’s nucleus Neutron – a neutral (no charge) particle which has about the same mass as a proton and is also in the nucleus Electron – a negatively charged particle found outside the nucleus. Electrons are much, much smaller than proton and neutrons ...
Final Exam - Department of Chemistry ::: CALTECH
... mitochondrial membranes to protons. Which of the following metabolic changes would be expected in this patient? a) Increased ATP levels b) Increased oxygen utilization c) Increased ATP synthase activity d) Decreased Pyruvate DH activity iv. (5pts) Which of the following best explains why cytosolic N ...
... mitochondrial membranes to protons. Which of the following metabolic changes would be expected in this patient? a) Increased ATP levels b) Increased oxygen utilization c) Increased ATP synthase activity d) Decreased Pyruvate DH activity iv. (5pts) Which of the following best explains why cytosolic N ...
Chapter 6: An Introduction to Proteins
... most of the hydrophobic side chains are inside the protein and away from the aqueous solvent, while most of the polar and charged residues have their side chains on the outside surface, in contact with the solvent. In a membrane protein such as rhodopsin, the hydrophobic residues occur on the outsid ...
... most of the hydrophobic side chains are inside the protein and away from the aqueous solvent, while most of the polar and charged residues have their side chains on the outside surface, in contact with the solvent. In a membrane protein such as rhodopsin, the hydrophobic residues occur on the outsid ...
The Chemical Level of Organization
... Chemical properties of an individual atom or element depend upon several factors, such as its electrical charge. ...
... Chemical properties of an individual atom or element depend upon several factors, such as its electrical charge. ...
CHEM1405 2012-J-2 June 2012 • What is the ground state electron
... only of σ-bonds. Suggest reasons why, at room temperature, the O=O molecule is stable and the S=S molecule is not. Sulfur would use 3p orbitals to form a π-bond. These orbitals are diffuse and overlap is poor and so it is more stable to use σ-bonds to 2 other atoms. Good overlap of the 2p orbitals i ...
... only of σ-bonds. Suggest reasons why, at room temperature, the O=O molecule is stable and the S=S molecule is not. Sulfur would use 3p orbitals to form a π-bond. These orbitals are diffuse and overlap is poor and so it is more stable to use σ-bonds to 2 other atoms. Good overlap of the 2p orbitals i ...
Enzyme Thermodynamics - University of San Diego Home Pages
... ADP + Pi à ATP + H2O; ΔG°’ = +55 kJ/mol Need to couple it to another, very favorable reaction! What are the Characteristics of High-Energy Biomolecules? Energy Transfer - A Biological Necessity Energy acquired from sunlight or food must be used to drive endergonic (energy-requiring) processes in th ...
... ADP + Pi à ATP + H2O; ΔG°’ = +55 kJ/mol Need to couple it to another, very favorable reaction! What are the Characteristics of High-Energy Biomolecules? Energy Transfer - A Biological Necessity Energy acquired from sunlight or food must be used to drive endergonic (energy-requiring) processes in th ...
link to lesson 4 , directions of reactions
... Most cell enzymes require an environment between 6 and 8 but pepsin in the stomach works best at 2. The more food you put in your stomach the higher the pH gets and at 5 the enzyme stops working. Some enzymes act as acids and bases. They can donate or accept H ions to a reaction. By regulating pH c ...
... Most cell enzymes require an environment between 6 and 8 but pepsin in the stomach works best at 2. The more food you put in your stomach the higher the pH gets and at 5 the enzyme stops working. Some enzymes act as acids and bases. They can donate or accept H ions to a reaction. By regulating pH c ...
Cellular Respiration
... cycle is a series of reactions that produce energy-storing molecules during aerobic respiration. •Electron Transport Chain During aerobic respiration, large amounts of ATP are made in an electron transport chain. ...
... cycle is a series of reactions that produce energy-storing molecules during aerobic respiration. •Electron Transport Chain During aerobic respiration, large amounts of ATP are made in an electron transport chain. ...
Biomolecules - VCS1-to-1
... • Many slow reactions are essential for an organism to survive but, are not quick enough to sustain life. • Biological catalysts are chemical agents that influence the rate of a reaction without changing or affecting the reaction. • An enzyme is a biological catalyst that allows reactions to occur a ...
... • Many slow reactions are essential for an organism to survive but, are not quick enough to sustain life. • Biological catalysts are chemical agents that influence the rate of a reaction without changing or affecting the reaction. • An enzyme is a biological catalyst that allows reactions to occur a ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.