Developing miniaturised electrochemical biosensors for monitoring
... Abstract: Electrochemical biosensors can potentially be used to monitor metabolic changes in real time in mammalian cell cultures, and are therefore advantageous compared to conventional end-point biochemical- and immunoassays. Recent work by this group [1, 2] has resulted in the development of in-s ...
... Abstract: Electrochemical biosensors can potentially be used to monitor metabolic changes in real time in mammalian cell cultures, and are therefore advantageous compared to conventional end-point biochemical- and immunoassays. Recent work by this group [1, 2] has resulted in the development of in-s ...
Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life
... Summary: An enzyme outside of its OPTIMAL environment does not function as well, which means it will not make the reaction proceed as QUICKLY. ...
... Summary: An enzyme outside of its OPTIMAL environment does not function as well, which means it will not make the reaction proceed as QUICKLY. ...
Student Study Guide
... Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle supply electrons (via NADH) to the transport chain, which drives oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondrial matrix. The electron transport chain is built into the inner mitochondrial membrane. Web/CD Activity9B: Ov ...
... Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle supply electrons (via NADH) to the transport chain, which drives oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondrial matrix. The electron transport chain is built into the inner mitochondrial membrane. Web/CD Activity9B: Ov ...
Ch. 9: Cellular Respiration
... transport chain Electrons passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 Electron transport chain generates no ATP ETC function: break the large free-energy drop from food to O2 into smaller steps that release energy in manageable amounts ...
... transport chain Electrons passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 Electron transport chain generates no ATP ETC function: break the large free-energy drop from food to O2 into smaller steps that release energy in manageable amounts ...
Mitochondria and energy production
... began releasing oxygen in the earth’s atmosphere (Fig. 1) [1]. Oxygen is an atypical molecule (Fig. 1). Although it is a diradical, its two unpaired electrons are located on different orbitals and have a parallel spin, making oxygen a relatively stable molecule [2]. Yet, oxygen is avid for electrons ...
... began releasing oxygen in the earth’s atmosphere (Fig. 1) [1]. Oxygen is an atypical molecule (Fig. 1). Although it is a diradical, its two unpaired electrons are located on different orbitals and have a parallel spin, making oxygen a relatively stable molecule [2]. Yet, oxygen is avid for electrons ...
Anabolism
... The high-energy electrons still contain most of the chemical energy of the original glucose molecule. Special carrier molecules bring the high-energy electrons to a series of enzymes that convert much of the remaining energy to more ATP molecules. The other products are heat and water. The function ...
... The high-energy electrons still contain most of the chemical energy of the original glucose molecule. Special carrier molecules bring the high-energy electrons to a series of enzymes that convert much of the remaining energy to more ATP molecules. The other products are heat and water. The function ...
Enzymology - Angelfire
... 1959 by Daniel Koshland. It suggested that the active site may not necessarily be exactly of the same shape as the substrate. But the enzyme can have an active site that attracts the substrate. When a substrate combines with an enzyme, it induces a change in the enzyme structure. The amino acids whi ...
... 1959 by Daniel Koshland. It suggested that the active site may not necessarily be exactly of the same shape as the substrate. But the enzyme can have an active site that attracts the substrate. When a substrate combines with an enzyme, it induces a change in the enzyme structure. The amino acids whi ...
AP Biology
... 1. Define the two catabolic pathways: a. Fermentation b. Cellular respiration 2. Use the following terms correctly in a sentence: redox reactions, oxidation, reduction, reducing agent and oxidizing agent. 3. Why is being “reduced” equivalent to having a greater potential energy? 4. In cellular respi ...
... 1. Define the two catabolic pathways: a. Fermentation b. Cellular respiration 2. Use the following terms correctly in a sentence: redox reactions, oxidation, reduction, reducing agent and oxidizing agent. 3. Why is being “reduced” equivalent to having a greater potential energy? 4. In cellular respi ...
Acyl-CoA synthetases : Fatty acid +CoA + ATP → fatty acyl
... triacylglycerols stored in adipose tissue ...
... triacylglycerols stored in adipose tissue ...
Energy systems.
... - increases number and size of mitochondria within the muscle fibres - increases the activity of enzymes (Krebs cycle) - preferential use of fats over glycogen during exercise ...
... - increases number and size of mitochondria within the muscle fibres - increases the activity of enzymes (Krebs cycle) - preferential use of fats over glycogen during exercise ...
Part II: Multiple Choice Questions
... D) Glycolysis and the "grooming" of pyruvate together produce more NADH per glucose molecule than does the citric acid cycle. E) Each FADH2 molecule yields 2 ATP molecules and each NADH molecule generates 3 ATP molecules. 30) The energy yield from the complete aerobic breakdown of a single molecule ...
... D) Glycolysis and the "grooming" of pyruvate together produce more NADH per glucose molecule than does the citric acid cycle. E) Each FADH2 molecule yields 2 ATP molecules and each NADH molecule generates 3 ATP molecules. 30) The energy yield from the complete aerobic breakdown of a single molecule ...
File
... A biologist prepares an in vitro analysis of the activity of the enzyme amylase, which promotes the hydrolysis of polysaccharides to monosaccharide residues. Three flasks containing 5 milliliters of 4 percent amylose (starch) in water are prepared with the addition at time zero of each of the substa ...
... A biologist prepares an in vitro analysis of the activity of the enzyme amylase, which promotes the hydrolysis of polysaccharides to monosaccharide residues. Three flasks containing 5 milliliters of 4 percent amylose (starch) in water are prepared with the addition at time zero of each of the substa ...
7 | cellular respiration
... specificity that catalyzes the phosphorylation of six-carbon sugars. Hexokinase phosphorylates glucose using ATP as the source of the phosphate, producing glucose-6-phosphate, a more reactive form of glucose. This reaction prevents the phosphorylated glucose molecule from continuing to interact with ...
... specificity that catalyzes the phosphorylation of six-carbon sugars. Hexokinase phosphorylates glucose using ATP as the source of the phosphate, producing glucose-6-phosphate, a more reactive form of glucose. This reaction prevents the phosphorylated glucose molecule from continuing to interact with ...
L5 Metabolism Part2 Fa08
... Activation energy • Barrier that determines rate of reaction • “height” of barrier variable How to lower the activation energy? • Apply heat (thermal energy) – Increase speed/collision of molecules ...
... Activation energy • Barrier that determines rate of reaction • “height” of barrier variable How to lower the activation energy? • Apply heat (thermal energy) – Increase speed/collision of molecules ...
Chapter 14 Glycolysis Glucose 2 Pyruvate → → → 2 Lactate (sent to
... Hexokinase: all cells, KM = 0.1 mM, product inhibited, can phosphorylate all hexose sugars (glucose, mannose, fructose) Glucokinase: liver only, KM = 10mM, not product inhibited, specific for only D-glucose, amt. of enzyme is controlled by insulin → Cells often have transport systems built into thei ...
... Hexokinase: all cells, KM = 0.1 mM, product inhibited, can phosphorylate all hexose sugars (glucose, mannose, fructose) Glucokinase: liver only, KM = 10mM, not product inhibited, specific for only D-glucose, amt. of enzyme is controlled by insulin → Cells often have transport systems built into thei ...
study-guide-solutions-biochemistry
... 12. Cholesterol and phytosterols are mostly non-polar but contain one polar –OH group. This gives them dual solubility properties and allows them to serve as important parts of membranes in plants (phytosterols) and animals (cholesterol). 13. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Too much cholesterol in ...
... 12. Cholesterol and phytosterols are mostly non-polar but contain one polar –OH group. This gives them dual solubility properties and allows them to serve as important parts of membranes in plants (phytosterols) and animals (cholesterol). 13. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Too much cholesterol in ...
A INSTRUCTIONS
... (C) AmiC hydrolyzes peptidoglycan to separate daughter cells (D) FtsZ is an inhibitor of Z ring assembly ...
... (C) AmiC hydrolyzes peptidoglycan to separate daughter cells (D) FtsZ is an inhibitor of Z ring assembly ...
RTRI Cellular Respiration
... Cells obtain the energy they require from anaerobic or aerobic respiration. It has been postulated that tumour cells rely on anaerobic respiration even in the presence of oxygen and that this is due to some impairment of the mitochondria in these cells. One opportunity for fighting cancer may therefo ...
... Cells obtain the energy they require from anaerobic or aerobic respiration. It has been postulated that tumour cells rely on anaerobic respiration even in the presence of oxygen and that this is due to some impairment of the mitochondria in these cells. One opportunity for fighting cancer may therefo ...
Lecture Slides
... • The molecules of the electron transport chain are built into the inner membranes of mitochondria. – The chain functions as a chemical machine that uses energy released by the “fall” of electrons to pump hydrogen ions across the inner ...
... • The molecules of the electron transport chain are built into the inner membranes of mitochondria. – The chain functions as a chemical machine that uses energy released by the “fall” of electrons to pump hydrogen ions across the inner ...
File
... triphosphate (ATP) by breaking down organic compounds. Both autotrophs and heterotrophy undergo cellular respiration to breakdown organic compounds into simpler molecules to release energy. Some energy is used to make ATP which is then used by the cells to do work. The figure below shows that ...
... triphosphate (ATP) by breaking down organic compounds. Both autotrophs and heterotrophy undergo cellular respiration to breakdown organic compounds into simpler molecules to release energy. Some energy is used to make ATP which is then used by the cells to do work. The figure below shows that ...
Chapter 5- Enzymes State Standard Standard 1.b. – Enzymes
... 2. Low pH and extremely salty conditions affect enzyme activity because A. They cause the structure of the enzyme to change. B. The salt and hydrogen ions compete with the substrate for the active site. C. The salt and hydrogen ions are irreversible inhibitors. D. They reduce the number of collision ...
... 2. Low pH and extremely salty conditions affect enzyme activity because A. They cause the structure of the enzyme to change. B. The salt and hydrogen ions compete with the substrate for the active site. C. The salt and hydrogen ions are irreversible inhibitors. D. They reduce the number of collision ...
Word Notes - Eric Hamber Secondary
... Heavy metals: Mercury, lead break bonds between R groups and denature the enzymes Substrate concentration: As a rule, if you increase substrate concentration (the amount of starting compound), as long as enough enzyme is present, the rate of reaction will increase. This will occur until the point th ...
... Heavy metals: Mercury, lead break bonds between R groups and denature the enzymes Substrate concentration: As a rule, if you increase substrate concentration (the amount of starting compound), as long as enough enzyme is present, the rate of reaction will increase. This will occur until the point th ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.