Lecture_4_Glycolysis
... rich in α-1, 6-bonds. α-Dextrinase degrades the limit dextran. Sucrase hydrolyzes sucrose, whereas lactase cleaves lactose. ...
... rich in α-1, 6-bonds. α-Dextrinase degrades the limit dextran. Sucrase hydrolyzes sucrose, whereas lactase cleaves lactose. ...
08. mechanism of uptake - physiological role of nutrients
... metabolic energy can be explained to some extent by Donnan’s equilibrium theory. According to this theory there are certain pre existing ions inside the cell which cannot diffuse outside through membrane. Such ions are called as in diffusible or fixed ions. However, the membrane is permeable to both ...
... metabolic energy can be explained to some extent by Donnan’s equilibrium theory. According to this theory there are certain pre existing ions inside the cell which cannot diffuse outside through membrane. Such ions are called as in diffusible or fixed ions. However, the membrane is permeable to both ...
Solving Biochemistry`s Biggest Mystery: How We Produce Energy
... An Interview with Dr. Fred L Crane by Richard A. Passwater, Ph.D. More than half of the people in the United States take a daily vitamin supplement. Most of these individuals don’t even realize that this was not possible not too awfully long ago. Thanks to a small number of scientists, we can improv ...
... An Interview with Dr. Fred L Crane by Richard A. Passwater, Ph.D. More than half of the people in the United States take a daily vitamin supplement. Most of these individuals don’t even realize that this was not possible not too awfully long ago. Thanks to a small number of scientists, we can improv ...
Impact of Ischemia on Cellular Metabolism
... The mitochondrial calcium concentration is in equilibrium between its cytosolic concentration and the proton gradient on either side of the inner membrane of mitochondria. The loss of this gradient due to the inhibition of the respiratory chain, as well as the elevated cytosolic calcium that results ...
... The mitochondrial calcium concentration is in equilibrium between its cytosolic concentration and the proton gradient on either side of the inner membrane of mitochondria. The loss of this gradient due to the inhibition of the respiratory chain, as well as the elevated cytosolic calcium that results ...
Jordan University of Science and Technology Faculty of Medicine
... a. Does the Michaelis-Menten model describe the behavior of allosteric enzymes? b. What are the models for the behavior of allosteric enzymes? (Concerted Model) c. How does phosphorylation of specific residues regulate enzyme activity? d. What are zymogens, and how do they control enzyme activity? e ...
... a. Does the Michaelis-Menten model describe the behavior of allosteric enzymes? b. What are the models for the behavior of allosteric enzymes? (Concerted Model) c. How does phosphorylation of specific residues regulate enzyme activity? d. What are zymogens, and how do they control enzyme activity? e ...
123 biochemistry - Jordan University of Science and Technology
... a. Does the Michaelis-Menten model describe the behavior of allosteric enzymes? b. What are the models for the behavior of allosteric enzymes? (Concerted Model) c. How does phosphorylation of specific residues regulate enzyme activity? d. What are zymogens, and how do they control enzyme activity? e ...
... a. Does the Michaelis-Menten model describe the behavior of allosteric enzymes? b. What are the models for the behavior of allosteric enzymes? (Concerted Model) c. How does phosphorylation of specific residues regulate enzyme activity? d. What are zymogens, and how do they control enzyme activity? e ...
123 - Jordan University of Science and Technology
... a. Does the Michaelis-Menten model describe the behavior of allosteric enzymes? b. What are the models for the behavior of allosteric enzymes? (Concerted Model) c. How does phosphorylation of specific residues regulate enzyme activity? d. What are zymogens, and how do they control enzyme activity? e ...
... a. Does the Michaelis-Menten model describe the behavior of allosteric enzymes? b. What are the models for the behavior of allosteric enzymes? (Concerted Model) c. How does phosphorylation of specific residues regulate enzyme activity? d. What are zymogens, and how do they control enzyme activity? e ...
Cells, Mitosis-Meiosis, Photosynthesis
... The pumping of hydrogen ions across the inner membrane creates a greater concentration of the ions in the intermembrane space than in the matrix. This chemiosmotic gradient causes the ions to flow back across the membrane into the matrix, where their concentration is lower. ATP synthase acts as a ch ...
... The pumping of hydrogen ions across the inner membrane creates a greater concentration of the ions in the intermembrane space than in the matrix. This chemiosmotic gradient causes the ions to flow back across the membrane into the matrix, where their concentration is lower. ATP synthase acts as a ch ...
Enzyme Kinetics
... Enzymes are large protein molecules which act as biological catalysts – they speed up reactions in the body by reducing the activation energy of the reaction. The molecule on which an enzyme acts is called a substrate, and the place on the enzyme where the substrate binds is called the active site. ...
... Enzymes are large protein molecules which act as biological catalysts – they speed up reactions in the body by reducing the activation energy of the reaction. The molecule on which an enzyme acts is called a substrate, and the place on the enzyme where the substrate binds is called the active site. ...
O 2
... Pyruvate is REDUCED to Lactate and NAD+ is regenerated so respiration can continue. This occurs in muscles in O2 debt (when running hard) until the debt is repaid (when you slow down) AP Biology ...
... Pyruvate is REDUCED to Lactate and NAD+ is regenerated so respiration can continue. This occurs in muscles in O2 debt (when running hard) until the debt is repaid (when you slow down) AP Biology ...
Exam Review - hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca
... a) the distance of the electron from the nucleus c) the number of energy levels in the atom b) the number of neutrons in the nucleus d) the charge on the nucleus 25. For each subsequent electron removed from an atom the ionization energy required __. a) increases b) decreases c) remains the same d) ...
... a) the distance of the electron from the nucleus c) the number of energy levels in the atom b) the number of neutrons in the nucleus d) the charge on the nucleus 25. For each subsequent electron removed from an atom the ionization energy required __. a) increases b) decreases c) remains the same d) ...
Study Guide
... 1. In the Krebs cycle, what molecule acquires most of the energy that is released by the oxidation of acetyl CoA, and how many of these molecules are produced during each turn of the cycle? _______________________________________________________________ 2. Which reactions of aerobic respiration occu ...
... 1. In the Krebs cycle, what molecule acquires most of the energy that is released by the oxidation of acetyl CoA, and how many of these molecules are produced during each turn of the cycle? _______________________________________________________________ 2. Which reactions of aerobic respiration occu ...
Where is the energy transfer?
... There is “compartmentalization” within the mitochondrion. What purpose does it serve? How is a concentration gradient important in the process shown here? What is the significance of the inner membrane being folded? ...
... There is “compartmentalization” within the mitochondrion. What purpose does it serve? How is a concentration gradient important in the process shown here? What is the significance of the inner membrane being folded? ...
Jordan University of Science and Technology
... e. What is the Fluid-Mosaic model of membrane structure? f. What are some of the functions of membranes? g. What are the lipid-soluble vitamins, and what are their functions? h. What are prostaglandins and leukotrienes, and what do they have to do with lipids? ...
... e. What is the Fluid-Mosaic model of membrane structure? f. What are some of the functions of membranes? g. What are the lipid-soluble vitamins, and what are their functions? h. What are prostaglandins and leukotrienes, and what do they have to do with lipids? ...
Jordan University of Science and Technology Faculty of Medicine
... e. What is the Fluid-Mosaic model of membrane structure? f. What are some of the functions of membranes? g. What are the lipid-soluble vitamins, and what are their functions? h. What are prostaglandins and leukotrienes, and what do they have to do with lipids? ...
... e. What is the Fluid-Mosaic model of membrane structure? f. What are some of the functions of membranes? g. What are the lipid-soluble vitamins, and what are their functions? h. What are prostaglandins and leukotrienes, and what do they have to do with lipids? ...
Six Major Classes of Enzymes and Examples of Their Subclasses
... transfer of a hydride ion (H:-) from a carbon to NAD+ in oxidation reactions such as the oxidation of alcohols to ketones or aldehydes to acids. The positively charged pyridine ring nitrogen of NAD+ increases the electrophilicity of the carbon opposite it in the ring. This carbon then accepts the ne ...
... transfer of a hydride ion (H:-) from a carbon to NAD+ in oxidation reactions such as the oxidation of alcohols to ketones or aldehydes to acids. The positively charged pyridine ring nitrogen of NAD+ increases the electrophilicity of the carbon opposite it in the ring. This carbon then accepts the ne ...
PPT slides - USD Biology
... acids into the Krebs cycle Note that different amino acids enter as different Krebs cycle intermediates. ...
... acids into the Krebs cycle Note that different amino acids enter as different Krebs cycle intermediates. ...
Bio 226: Cell and Molecular Biology
... •Insensitive to Cyanide, Azide or CO •Sensitive to SHAM (salicylhydroxamic acid,) •Also found in fungi, trypanosomes & Plasmodium ...
... •Insensitive to Cyanide, Azide or CO •Sensitive to SHAM (salicylhydroxamic acid,) •Also found in fungi, trypanosomes & Plasmodium ...
Slide 1
... Source of ATP in resting muscle fibers • Resting muscle fibers takes up free fatty acids from blood. • Fatty acids are oxidized (in the mitochondria) to produce acetyl CoA & molecules of NADH & FADH2 ...
... Source of ATP in resting muscle fibers • Resting muscle fibers takes up free fatty acids from blood. • Fatty acids are oxidized (in the mitochondria) to produce acetyl CoA & molecules of NADH & FADH2 ...
Nutrients are chemical substances in food that provide energy, form
... When a substance is oxidized, the free hydrogen atoms are transferred to another compound by substances that work with enzymes called coenzymes. Reduction is the addition of electrons and hydrogen ions or hydrogen atoms to a molecule or, less commonly, the removal of oxygen from a molecule. Reductio ...
... When a substance is oxidized, the free hydrogen atoms are transferred to another compound by substances that work with enzymes called coenzymes. Reduction is the addition of electrons and hydrogen ions or hydrogen atoms to a molecule or, less commonly, the removal of oxygen from a molecule. Reductio ...
Chapter 9 - FIU Faculty Websites
... Carbonic anhydrase Carbon dioxide is an end product of aerobic metabolism. Carbon dioxide is converted into bicarbonate ion and a proton by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. In the lungs, the bicarbonate is converted to CO2 and exhaled. Carbonic anhydrases play roles in the generation of the aqueous h ...
... Carbonic anhydrase Carbon dioxide is an end product of aerobic metabolism. Carbon dioxide is converted into bicarbonate ion and a proton by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. In the lungs, the bicarbonate is converted to CO2 and exhaled. Carbonic anhydrases play roles in the generation of the aqueous h ...
triose phosphate
... series of stages , these can produce a up to 36 molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose • The steps involved in respiration rely on a series of redox reactions • C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20 + 36 ATP ...
... series of stages , these can produce a up to 36 molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose • The steps involved in respiration rely on a series of redox reactions • C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20 + 36 ATP ...
Document
... 17) From left to right in the periodic table, the elements are arranged in order of decreasing atomic mass. a) True b) False ______ a ...
... 17) From left to right in the periodic table, the elements are arranged in order of decreasing atomic mass. a) True b) False ______ a ...
7.2 Glycolysis
... Glycolysis occurs with or without oxygen (during both aerobic and anaerobic respiration) Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell During glycolysis glucose is split in two to form 2 pyruvate molecules ...
... Glycolysis occurs with or without oxygen (during both aerobic and anaerobic respiration) Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell During glycolysis glucose is split in two to form 2 pyruvate molecules ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.