3 – Efficiency of Cellular Respiration
... detailed enough that any student could easily answer each question if they used your note alone. 1) In your own words, explain what is meant by the term “efficiency”. You may want to mention what it means to be inefficient too. Clever wording will allow you to say it all in one definition. 2) What i ...
... detailed enough that any student could easily answer each question if they used your note alone. 1) In your own words, explain what is meant by the term “efficiency”. You may want to mention what it means to be inefficient too. Clever wording will allow you to say it all in one definition. 2) What i ...
Properties of Enzymes
... Many competitive inhibitors are substrate analogs. Compound (b) designed as an inhibitor of the enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase, that utilizes guanosine (a) as a substrate. (b) is a possible drug for the treatment of arthritis. Figure 5.13 ...
... Many competitive inhibitors are substrate analogs. Compound (b) designed as an inhibitor of the enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase, that utilizes guanosine (a) as a substrate. (b) is a possible drug for the treatment of arthritis. Figure 5.13 ...
Chapter 25: Metabolism
... • Today in class we will discuss: – The definitions of metabolism, catabolism, anabolism and nutrient pool • Their relationship ...
... • Today in class we will discuss: – The definitions of metabolism, catabolism, anabolism and nutrient pool • Their relationship ...
Introduction to Cellular and Molecular Biology (BIOL 190)
... nucleus and assemble into ribosomes in the cytoplasm 4. Explain that ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis and can exist free in the cytosol or bound to endoplamic reticulum or the nuclear envelope The Endomembrane System: smooth ER, rough ER, Golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles 1. Identify the differ ...
... nucleus and assemble into ribosomes in the cytoplasm 4. Explain that ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis and can exist free in the cytosol or bound to endoplamic reticulum or the nuclear envelope The Endomembrane System: smooth ER, rough ER, Golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles 1. Identify the differ ...
CHAP NUM="9" ID="CH
... respiration, the electron transport chain accepts electrons from the breakdown products of the first two stages (most often via NADH) and passes these electrons from one molecule to another. At the end of the chain, the electrons are combined with molecular oxygen and hydrogen ions (H+), forming wat ...
... respiration, the electron transport chain accepts electrons from the breakdown products of the first two stages (most often via NADH) and passes these electrons from one molecule to another. At the end of the chain, the electrons are combined with molecular oxygen and hydrogen ions (H+), forming wat ...
course outline - Department of LD
... Student must make at least 80% attendance in lecture and laboratory session There must be no eating or drinking in classrooms or laboratory Student must participate actively when placed to work in groups. All assignment must be submitted within the stipulated time. ...
... Student must make at least 80% attendance in lecture and laboratory session There must be no eating or drinking in classrooms or laboratory Student must participate actively when placed to work in groups. All assignment must be submitted within the stipulated time. ...
Reactions of the TCA Cycle
... By the end of the lecture the student should be able to: Enlist common metabolic pathways of carbohydrate metabolism Define TCA Enlist Functions of TCA Describe different steps of TCA cycle Discuss its biomedical importance Definition TCA cycle, Krebs cycle, citric acid cycle Cyclic process Sequence ...
... By the end of the lecture the student should be able to: Enlist common metabolic pathways of carbohydrate metabolism Define TCA Enlist Functions of TCA Describe different steps of TCA cycle Discuss its biomedical importance Definition TCA cycle, Krebs cycle, citric acid cycle Cyclic process Sequence ...
Cellular Respiration & Fermentation
... 6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation • Electrons from NADH and FADH2 – Travel down the electron transport chain to oxygen, which picks up H+ to form water • Energy released by the redox reactions ...
... 6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation • Electrons from NADH and FADH2 – Travel down the electron transport chain to oxygen, which picks up H+ to form water • Energy released by the redox reactions ...
ppt
... The mitochondrion is surrounded by two membranes. The outer is smooth and the inner folds inwards. The inner folds are called cristae. Within the inner compartment of the mitochondrion, surrounding the cristae, there is a dense solution known as the matrix. The matrix contains enzymes, co-enzymes, w ...
... The mitochondrion is surrounded by two membranes. The outer is smooth and the inner folds inwards. The inner folds are called cristae. Within the inner compartment of the mitochondrion, surrounding the cristae, there is a dense solution known as the matrix. The matrix contains enzymes, co-enzymes, w ...
Chapter 6 Notes
... • Finally, each acetic acid is attached to a molecule called coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA. • The CoA escorts the acetic acid into the first reaction of the citric acid cycle. • The CoA is then stripped and recycled. ...
... • Finally, each acetic acid is attached to a molecule called coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA. • The CoA escorts the acetic acid into the first reaction of the citric acid cycle. • The CoA is then stripped and recycled. ...
Biological Energy Systems
... of glycolysis, pyruvate, is not converted to lactate but is transported to the mitochondria, where it is taken up and enters the Krebs cycle.) • NADH and FADH2 molecules transport hydrogen atoms to the electron transport chain, where ATP is produced from ADP. ...
... of glycolysis, pyruvate, is not converted to lactate but is transported to the mitochondria, where it is taken up and enters the Krebs cycle.) • NADH and FADH2 molecules transport hydrogen atoms to the electron transport chain, where ATP is produced from ADP. ...
How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy
... Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
... during photosynthesis plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars. Autotrophs are also called producers. Heterotrophs are organisms that cannot make their own food, such as humans, meaning "other eaters." Heterotrophs are also called consumers. ...
... during photosynthesis plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars. Autotrophs are also called producers. Heterotrophs are organisms that cannot make their own food, such as humans, meaning "other eaters." Heterotrophs are also called consumers. ...
1 acetyl CoA - WordPress.com
... Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle citric acid cycle is used to harvest high energy electrons from carbon fuel. the central metabolic hub of the cell produces intermediates which are precursors for fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotide bases, and cholesterol The citric acid cycle may seem like an elabora ...
... Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle citric acid cycle is used to harvest high energy electrons from carbon fuel. the central metabolic hub of the cell produces intermediates which are precursors for fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotide bases, and cholesterol The citric acid cycle may seem like an elabora ...
chapter5
... Electrons only have a probability of being in a certain location, the same way the exact location of a fast moving propeller blade at any time cannot not be determined. In the quantum mechanical model, the probability of finding an electron within a certain volume of space surrounding the nucleus ca ...
... Electrons only have a probability of being in a certain location, the same way the exact location of a fast moving propeller blade at any time cannot not be determined. In the quantum mechanical model, the probability of finding an electron within a certain volume of space surrounding the nucleus ca ...
CHAPTER 6
... order that they can be regulated independently. Shown here are two possible arrangements of opposing catabolic and anabolic sequenced between A and P. (a) The parallel sequences proceed via independent routes. (b) Only one reaction has two different enzymes, a catabolic one (E3) and it’s anabolic co ...
... order that they can be regulated independently. Shown here are two possible arrangements of opposing catabolic and anabolic sequenced between A and P. (a) The parallel sequences proceed via independent routes. (b) Only one reaction has two different enzymes, a catabolic one (E3) and it’s anabolic co ...
2 ATP - jpsaos
... as they move from protein to protein • 3. Oxygen is the FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR, uses them to form water with hydrogen atoms • 4. AS electrons move, hydrogen atoms pumped across membrane from low to high concentration ...
... as they move from protein to protein • 3. Oxygen is the FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR, uses them to form water with hydrogen atoms • 4. AS electrons move, hydrogen atoms pumped across membrane from low to high concentration ...
Krebs cycle - biology.org.uk
... The link reaction takes place inside the mitochondrial matrix (the liquid centre of the mitochondrion). The process which follows, Krebs cycle, also takes place here. Krebs cycle consists of a number of reactions which (in one turn of the cycle): produces two molecules of carbon dioxide produces ...
... The link reaction takes place inside the mitochondrial matrix (the liquid centre of the mitochondrion). The process which follows, Krebs cycle, also takes place here. Krebs cycle consists of a number of reactions which (in one turn of the cycle): produces two molecules of carbon dioxide produces ...
(PDF format, 1.73MB)
... Patient Study • Siblings (male and female) • Leigh Syndrome • Examine patient mitochondria on BNPAGE ...
... Patient Study • Siblings (male and female) • Leigh Syndrome • Examine patient mitochondria on BNPAGE ...
Effect of dietary administration of lipoic acid on protein
... or human cells in culture and, where assayed, earlier senescence. I hypothesize that DNA damage and late onset disease are a consequence of a triage allocation response to micronutrient shortage. 1) Episodic shortage of micronutrients were common throughout evolution. 2) natural selection favors sho ...
... or human cells in culture and, where assayed, earlier senescence. I hypothesize that DNA damage and late onset disease are a consequence of a triage allocation response to micronutrient shortage. 1) Episodic shortage of micronutrients were common throughout evolution. 2) natural selection favors sho ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.