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Lecture 5
... How a set of enzyme-catalyzed reactions generates a metabolic pathway. Each enzyme catalyzes a particular chemical reaction, leaving the enzyme unchanged. In this example, a set of enzymes acting in series converts molecule A to molecule F, forming a metabolic pathway. ...
... How a set of enzyme-catalyzed reactions generates a metabolic pathway. Each enzyme catalyzes a particular chemical reaction, leaving the enzyme unchanged. In this example, a set of enzymes acting in series converts molecule A to molecule F, forming a metabolic pathway. ...
Energy Systems
... other functions needed to stay alive, such as digestion of foods, circulation and repairing tissues. ...
... other functions needed to stay alive, such as digestion of foods, circulation and repairing tissues. ...
Name: 1) What is the oxidation number of sulfur in H SO ? A)
... Al + H+ ‡‡ˆ Al +3 + H2 What is the total number of moles of electrons lost by 1 mole of aluminum? A) 3 ...
... Al + H+ ‡‡ˆ Al +3 + H2 What is the total number of moles of electrons lost by 1 mole of aluminum? A) 3 ...
02 B organic chemistry - macromolecules
... hemoglobin in blood, membrane proteins… insulin to control blood glucose… on cell membranes, so they can sense chemicals.. actin and myosin in muscles… antibodies of the immune system… facilitate chemical reactions, like peptidase… ...
... hemoglobin in blood, membrane proteins… insulin to control blood glucose… on cell membranes, so they can sense chemicals.. actin and myosin in muscles… antibodies of the immune system… facilitate chemical reactions, like peptidase… ...
Midterm #2 - UC Davis Plant Sciences
... d) Assume that the PMF of the mitochondria (calculated above) is not coupled to the synthesis of ATP but is coupled to the uptake of pyruvate from the cytosol into the mitochondria (one proton and one molecule of pyruvate are co-transported into the mitochondria). Calculate the gradient of pyruvate ...
... d) Assume that the PMF of the mitochondria (calculated above) is not coupled to the synthesis of ATP but is coupled to the uptake of pyruvate from the cytosol into the mitochondria (one proton and one molecule of pyruvate are co-transported into the mitochondria). Calculate the gradient of pyruvate ...
6-10summary
... Some transport proteins do not provide channels but appear to actually translocate the solute-binding site and the solute across the membrane as the transport protein changes shape. ○ These shape changes may be triggered by the binding and release of the ...
... Some transport proteins do not provide channels but appear to actually translocate the solute-binding site and the solute across the membrane as the transport protein changes shape. ○ These shape changes may be triggered by the binding and release of the ...
Bio 226: Cell and Molecular Biology
... •Insensitive to Cyanide, Azide or CO •Sensitive to SHAM (salicylhydroxamic acid,) •Also found in fungi, trypanosomes & Plasmodium ...
... •Insensitive to Cyanide, Azide or CO •Sensitive to SHAM (salicylhydroxamic acid,) •Also found in fungi, trypanosomes & Plasmodium ...
5 Lipid and Protein Metabolism
... Ketone Bodies • 3 water soluble molecules made by the liver from fatty acid metabolism during fasting or carbohydrate restriction to use as energy instead of glucose • 2 of the 3 are used by the heart and brain and muscle for ATP synthesis – Picked up by cells and used to make acetyl-CoA – In t ...
... Ketone Bodies • 3 water soluble molecules made by the liver from fatty acid metabolism during fasting or carbohydrate restriction to use as energy instead of glucose • 2 of the 3 are used by the heart and brain and muscle for ATP synthesis – Picked up by cells and used to make acetyl-CoA – In t ...
Shunt Pathway Significance of pentose phosphate pathway
... eosinophils , monocytes and macrophages ) . These cells contain the enzyme NADPH Oxidase that produce superoxide anion from oxygen which requires NADPH . The superoxide anion is converted to hydrogen peroxide and then to hypochlorous acid (HClO) by the enzymes Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) & Myeloperox ...
... eosinophils , monocytes and macrophages ) . These cells contain the enzyme NADPH Oxidase that produce superoxide anion from oxygen which requires NADPH . The superoxide anion is converted to hydrogen peroxide and then to hypochlorous acid (HClO) by the enzymes Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) & Myeloperox ...
Biology – Unit 3 Review
... A cellular process carried out by most plants and some bacteria which captures light energy and uses it in combination with carbon dioxide and water to create glucose, releases oxygen as a waste product. Cellular Respiration Another cellular process carried out by all cells. A series of chemical rea ...
... A cellular process carried out by most plants and some bacteria which captures light energy and uses it in combination with carbon dioxide and water to create glucose, releases oxygen as a waste product. Cellular Respiration Another cellular process carried out by all cells. A series of chemical rea ...
AP Biology Review – Unit 1
... electronegativity than the hydrogen molecules. When they combine to form water, the electrons involved are unequally shared, tending to be nearer to the oxygen nucleus because of its greater electronegativity, giving the oxygen end of the chemical bond a slightly negative charge (δ- added to picture ...
... electronegativity than the hydrogen molecules. When they combine to form water, the electrons involved are unequally shared, tending to be nearer to the oxygen nucleus because of its greater electronegativity, giving the oxygen end of the chemical bond a slightly negative charge (δ- added to picture ...
BiochemReview
... a-Thalassemia – Not enough a chains produced, and b chains accumulate. • This disease is usually caused by a problem with splicing… the mRNA isn’t spliced correctly, so it gets destroyed. ...
... a-Thalassemia – Not enough a chains produced, and b chains accumulate. • This disease is usually caused by a problem with splicing… the mRNA isn’t spliced correctly, so it gets destroyed. ...
Enzymes are specific? - The BioUpdate Foundation
... biological catalyst), typically a protein, is isolated and found to be responsible for that activity. This protein is not tested for any other activities and thus it enters the literature as having only one function. The literature is full of hundreds, if not thousands, of examples of enzymes which ...
... biological catalyst), typically a protein, is isolated and found to be responsible for that activity. This protein is not tested for any other activities and thus it enters the literature as having only one function. The literature is full of hundreds, if not thousands, of examples of enzymes which ...
Teacher quality grant
... can achieve this by sharing electrons in a covalent bond. 2 The nuclei come closer together and the two electrons begin to circle around both of them. The new H2 molecule is very ...
... can achieve this by sharing electrons in a covalent bond. 2 The nuclei come closer together and the two electrons begin to circle around both of them. The new H2 molecule is very ...
Teacher quality grant - Gulf Coast State College
... can achieve this by sharing electrons in a covalent bond. 2 The nuclei come closer together and the two electrons begin to circle around both of them. The new H2 molecule is very ...
... can achieve this by sharing electrons in a covalent bond. 2 The nuclei come closer together and the two electrons begin to circle around both of them. The new H2 molecule is very ...
PPT
... – Makes use of an organic electron acceptor – Many diverse electron acceptors used by different microorganisms • Different end products generated as a function of final electron acceptor used – Very useful for microbial identification ...
... – Makes use of an organic electron acceptor – Many diverse electron acceptors used by different microorganisms • Different end products generated as a function of final electron acceptor used – Very useful for microbial identification ...
Document
... – Makes use of an organic electron acceptor – Many diverse electron acceptors used by different microorganisms • Different end products generated as a function of final electron acceptor used – Very useful for microbial identification ...
... – Makes use of an organic electron acceptor – Many diverse electron acceptors used by different microorganisms • Different end products generated as a function of final electron acceptor used – Very useful for microbial identification ...
Observations during muscle contraction
... • Movement or resist a load (force) • Load is the weight or force that opposes the contraction of a muscle • Tension is the force created by a muscle • Need ATP to generate tension ...
... • Movement or resist a load (force) • Load is the weight or force that opposes the contraction of a muscle • Tension is the force created by a muscle • Need ATP to generate tension ...
12-Glycolysis2016-11-15 13:225.6 MB
... the transfer of electrons from reduced coenzymes to molecular oxygen by ETC ...
... the transfer of electrons from reduced coenzymes to molecular oxygen by ETC ...
MITOCHONDRIA
... During the enzymatic conversion of food to products of the citric acid cycle, numerous electrons are liberated and passed down the electron transport chain of proteins. This is accompanied by a flow of protons from the matrix into the intermembranous space, ...
... During the enzymatic conversion of food to products of the citric acid cycle, numerous electrons are liberated and passed down the electron transport chain of proteins. This is accompanied by a flow of protons from the matrix into the intermembranous space, ...
Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy
... • Glycolysis operates in the presence or absence of O2. • Under aerobic conditions, cellular respiration continues the breakdown process. ...
... • Glycolysis operates in the presence or absence of O2. • Under aerobic conditions, cellular respiration continues the breakdown process. ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.