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Introduction to Oxidation and Reduction IB Chemistry Text Green and Damji TEXT 9.1 & 9.2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Types of Chemical Reactions ? type of reaction ? 1. Mg(s) + 2 HCl (aq) MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) 2. Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2 NaI (aq) PbI2 (s) + 2 NaNO3 (aq) 3. 2 H2O2 (aq) O2 (g) + 2 H2O (g) 4. 2 O2 (g) + CH4 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g) 5. 2 H2 O (g) O2 (g) + H2(g) another way to classify Types of Chemical Reactions A. Acid Base Reactions CaO (s) + 2 HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + H2O H3PO4 (aq) + 3 NaOH (aq) Na3PO4 (aq) (l) + 3 H2O B. Precipitation Reactions Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NaI (aq) PbI2 (s) + 2NaNO3 (aq) which can be shortened to…Pb2+ + 2I- C. Redox Reactions 2 Zn (s) + I2 (s) ZnI2 (aq) 2 Zn (s) + I2 (s) Zn2+ (aq) + 2 I- (aq) PbI2 (s) (l) Classify the following reactions as AB/PPT/RedOx Ca2+ + CO32NH3 + H+ Zn + 2HCl Ca + F2 CaCO3 NH4+ ZnCl2 + H2 CaF2 ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ 4.4 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (electron transfer reactions) 2Mg + O2 2MgO What is happening in this reaction? oxidation – loss of electrons: reduction – gain of electrons: 4.4 Helpful Mneumonics LEO the lion goes GER Loss of Electrons is Oxidation Gain of Electrons is Reduction OIL RIG Oxidation is the Loss of electrons Reduction is the Gain of electrons Oxidation number The charge the atom would have in a molecule (or an ionic compound) if electrons were completely transferred to the more electronegative element. 1. Free elements (uncombined state) have an oxidation number of zero. Na, Be, K, Pb, H2, O2, P4 = 2. In monatomic ions, the oxidation number is equal to the charge on the ion. Li+, Li = ; Fe3+, Fe = ; O2-, O = 3. The oxidation number of oxygen is usually and O22- it is . . In H2O2 4.4 4. The oxidation number of hydrogen is____except when it is bonded to metals in binary compounds. In these cases, its oxidation number is____. 5. Group 1 metals are____, Group 2 metals are____and fluorine is always____. 6. The sum of the oxidation numbers of all the atoms in a molecule or ion is equal to the charge on the molecule or ion. 7. Oxidation numbers do not have to be integers. Oxidation number of oxygen in the superoxide ion, O2-, is ____. - HCO3 Oxidation numbers of all the elements in HCO3- ? O = ____ H = ____ 3x(-2) + 1 + ? = -1 C = ____ 4.4 The oxidation numbers of elements in their compounds The periodic table in your planner includes the most common oxidation numbers! 4.4 I F7 What are the oxidation numbers of all the elements in the following compounds ? F = ____ 7x(____) + ? = 0 I = ____ K2 Cr2 O7 Na I O3 Na = ____ O = ____ 3x(____) + ____ + ? = 0 I = ____ O = ____ K = ____ 7x(__) + 2x(__) + 2x(?) = 0 Cr = ____ 4.4 More to know… An increase in oxidation number is oxidation. A decrease in oxidation number is reduction. The substance that is oxidized (loses e-; ox # increases) is called the reducing agent. The substance that is reduced (gains e-; ox # decreases) is called the reducing agent. Zn (s) + CuSO4 (aq) ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s) ox: red: --------------------------------------ttl: ____ is oxidized - is reducing agent ____ is reduced - is oxidizing agent 4.4 Copper wire reacts with silver nitrate to form silver metal. What is the oxidizing agent in the reaction? ox: red: --------------------------------------ttl: ____ is oxidized - is reducing agent ____ is reduced - is oxidizing agent 4.4 Types of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Combination Reaction (aka Synthesis) A+B 0 C +3 -1 0 2Al + 3Br2 2AlBr3 Decomposition Reaction C +1 +5 -2 2KClO3 A+B +1 -1 0 2KCl + 3O2 4.4 Types of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Combustion Reaction A + O2 B 0 0 S + O2 2Mg + O2 0 0 +4 -2 SO2 2MgO +2 -2 4.4 Types of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Single Displacement Reaction A + BC 0 +1 +2 Sr + 2H2O +4 0 TiCl4 + 2Mg 0 AC + B -1 Cl2 + 2KBr 0 Sr(OH)2 + H2 Hydrogen Displacement 0 +2 Ti + 2MgCl2 -1 Metal Displacement 0 2KCl + Br2 Halogen Displacement 4.4 Types of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Disproportionation Reaction Element is simultaneously oxidized and reduced. 0 Cl2 + 2 OH- +1 -1 ClO- + Cl- + H2O Chlorine Chemistry 4.4 Chemistry in Action: Metals from the Sea Redox or not? CaCO3 (s) CaO (s) + CO2 (g) CaO (s) + H2O (l) Ca2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) Mg2+ (aq) + 2OH - (aq) Mg(OH)2 (s) + 2HCl (aq) MgCl2 (aq) Mg(OH)2 (s) _______________ _______________ _______________ MgCl2 (aq) + 2H2O (l) ____________ Mg (s) + Cl2 (g) _______________ Write half reactions for one of the redox reactions above: ox: red: