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Overview of mitochondria and plastids function in energy conversion
... κουδριον or khondrion, granule) is a membrane-enclosed organelle, found in most eukaryotes. Amitochondriate eukaryotes have a related organelle called hydrogenosome or mitosome The primary function of mitochondria is the oxidative phosphorylation. It is the conversion of chemical energy contain in f ...
... κουδριον or khondrion, granule) is a membrane-enclosed organelle, found in most eukaryotes. Amitochondriate eukaryotes have a related organelle called hydrogenosome or mitosome The primary function of mitochondria is the oxidative phosphorylation. It is the conversion of chemical energy contain in f ...
3.2.1 What are Action Molecules?
... and key model, the enzyme has to be the exact shape of the substrate to fit and connect. And in an induced fit model, it doesn’t have to be the exact shape because it says the enzyme and substrate are more flexible. However is the enzyme and substrate change too much, they will no longer work in ...
... and key model, the enzyme has to be the exact shape of the substrate to fit and connect. And in an induced fit model, it doesn’t have to be the exact shape because it says the enzyme and substrate are more flexible. However is the enzyme and substrate change too much, they will no longer work in ...
75. In yeast, if the electron transport system is shut down because of
... a) Combines with electrons and hydrogen ions to form water b) Combines with carbon to form carbon dioxide c) Combines with carbon dioxide and water to form glucose d) Reduces glucose to form carbon dioxide and water e) Combines with electrons to form CO2 __ 72. When oxygen is present: a) Most cells ...
... a) Combines with electrons and hydrogen ions to form water b) Combines with carbon to form carbon dioxide c) Combines with carbon dioxide and water to form glucose d) Reduces glucose to form carbon dioxide and water e) Combines with electrons to form CO2 __ 72. When oxygen is present: a) Most cells ...
1 Pyruvate and acetate metabolism (The citric acid cycle) I. Pyruvate
... pyruvate, a total of 2 ATP and 2 NADH (containing 2 pairs of electrons removed from glucose) would be produced. This is indeed the end of the line for glucose metabolism in the cytoplasm, but another phase of processing awaits pyruvate in the mitochondria. Two C-C bonds remain to be broken to form 3 ...
... pyruvate, a total of 2 ATP and 2 NADH (containing 2 pairs of electrons removed from glucose) would be produced. This is indeed the end of the line for glucose metabolism in the cytoplasm, but another phase of processing awaits pyruvate in the mitochondria. Two C-C bonds remain to be broken to form 3 ...
A Mad Scientist`s Chemistry Presentation
... information between organisms. A DNA molecule contains the genetic code, or instructions, for producing all of the proteins in an organism. ...
... information between organisms. A DNA molecule contains the genetic code, or instructions, for producing all of the proteins in an organism. ...
03-232 Biochemistry Exam III - S2014 Name:________________________
... concentration any added fatty acids will form micelles. As the fatty acid length increases the CMC should decrease because the solubility will decrease. Choice B: Cholesterol keeps the membrane fluid, permitting conformational changes to occur in membrane enzymes and the diffusion of electron carrie ...
... concentration any added fatty acids will form micelles. As the fatty acid length increases the CMC should decrease because the solubility will decrease. Choice B: Cholesterol keeps the membrane fluid, permitting conformational changes to occur in membrane enzymes and the diffusion of electron carrie ...
Lecture 6
... occurs. The 2 moles of NADH produced by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase are oxidized in the electron transport chain back to NAD +. The electron transport chain generates a proton gradient that drives the synthesis of 5 ATP molecules from ADP and Pi. Furthermore, the pyruvate formed by glyc ...
... occurs. The 2 moles of NADH produced by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase are oxidized in the electron transport chain back to NAD +. The electron transport chain generates a proton gradient that drives the synthesis of 5 ATP molecules from ADP and Pi. Furthermore, the pyruvate formed by glyc ...
Chapter 7
... blood? Hint: they attach to something… what is it? 43. What is the role of carnitine? 44. What needs to happen to amino acids before they can be used for energy? What happens to the amino groups? 45. List some possible fates of amino acids in terms of where they might enter ATPproduction pathways. 4 ...
... blood? Hint: they attach to something… what is it? 43. What is the role of carnitine? 44. What needs to happen to amino acids before they can be used for energy? What happens to the amino groups? 45. List some possible fates of amino acids in terms of where they might enter ATPproduction pathways. 4 ...
Columbia College
... 1. Describe the first law of thermodynamics related to energy balance and biologic work. 2. Define the terms potential energy and kinetic energy, and give examples of each. 3. Give examples of exergonic and endergonic chemical processes within the body, and indicate their importance. 4. State the se ...
... 1. Describe the first law of thermodynamics related to energy balance and biologic work. 2. Define the terms potential energy and kinetic energy, and give examples of each. 3. Give examples of exergonic and endergonic chemical processes within the body, and indicate their importance. 4. State the se ...
NADH - Mrs. Yu`s Science Classes
... separate pathways: - Noncyclic Pathway - Cyclic pathway Each of which uses energy from light to produce high energy molecules that the cell can use in the light independent reactions. • Captures light energy with photosystems ...
... separate pathways: - Noncyclic Pathway - Cyclic pathway Each of which uses energy from light to produce high energy molecules that the cell can use in the light independent reactions. • Captures light energy with photosystems ...
Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration STAGE 1: Glycolysis
... 2. Glycolysis is a pathway in which One Six-Carbon Molecule of GLUCOSE is Oxidized to Produce Two ThreeCarbon Molecules of PYRUVIC ACID OR PYRUVATE. 3. The word "GLYCOLYSIS" means "The Splitting of Glucose". In a series of Ten Reactions, a molecule of Glucose is split into Two identical smaller ...
... 2. Glycolysis is a pathway in which One Six-Carbon Molecule of GLUCOSE is Oxidized to Produce Two ThreeCarbon Molecules of PYRUVIC ACID OR PYRUVATE. 3. The word "GLYCOLYSIS" means "The Splitting of Glucose". In a series of Ten Reactions, a molecule of Glucose is split into Two identical smaller ...
The Cell, 5e
... Activation-transfer coenzymes: • Specific chemical group binds enzyme • Other functional group participates directly in reaction • Depends on enzyme for specificity of substrate, catalysis ...
... Activation-transfer coenzymes: • Specific chemical group binds enzyme • Other functional group participates directly in reaction • Depends on enzyme for specificity of substrate, catalysis ...
Ch. 8 Enzymes as catalysts Glucokinase is typical enzyme:
... • enzB takes H from TPP; carbanion attacks keto substrate, splits CO2 ...
... • enzB takes H from TPP; carbanion attacks keto substrate, splits CO2 ...
SADDLEBACK COLLEGE BIOLOGY 20 EXAMINATION 2 STUDY
... 1. Briefly explain the difference between catabolism and anabolism. How does exergonic and endergonic relate to metabolism? Give an example of where each of these reactions takes place in your body. 2. Explain the difference between oxidation and reduction using either the cellular respiration or ph ...
... 1. Briefly explain the difference between catabolism and anabolism. How does exergonic and endergonic relate to metabolism? Give an example of where each of these reactions takes place in your body. 2. Explain the difference between oxidation and reduction using either the cellular respiration or ph ...
AP Biology Chapter 9.2016
... • Coupled process – to ATP Synthesis • ETC and pumping of protons (H+) creates an H+ gradient across the membrane ...
... • Coupled process – to ATP Synthesis • ETC and pumping of protons (H+) creates an H+ gradient across the membrane ...
CHAPTER 23
... riboflavin, is the reactive site in the molecule. (3) All of the reactions of the CAC take place in the mitochondrial matrix. a) All three statements are true. b) Two of the three statements are true. c) Only one of the statements is true. d) None of the statements is true. 23.37 d - FFF Statements: ...
... riboflavin, is the reactive site in the molecule. (3) All of the reactions of the CAC take place in the mitochondrial matrix. a) All three statements are true. b) Two of the three statements are true. c) Only one of the statements is true. d) None of the statements is true. 23.37 d - FFF Statements: ...
respiration 2010
... Respiration Take Place? • It actually takes place in two parts of the cell: Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm ...
... Respiration Take Place? • It actually takes place in two parts of the cell: Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm ...
Chemistry 160 Homework 1
... a. SO2(g) + H2O(l) <==> H2SO3(aq) b. Ca(OH)2(s) <==> Ca2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) c. HCH2O(aq) + H2O(l) <==> H3O+(aq) + CH2O-(aq) 11. In mammals, an endproduct of anaerobic metabolism is pyruvate. If the system continues to be anaerobic, pyruvate can be reduced to lactate by the equilibrium shown below: Pyru ...
... a. SO2(g) + H2O(l) <==> H2SO3(aq) b. Ca(OH)2(s) <==> Ca2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) c. HCH2O(aq) + H2O(l) <==> H3O+(aq) + CH2O-(aq) 11. In mammals, an endproduct of anaerobic metabolism is pyruvate. If the system continues to be anaerobic, pyruvate can be reduced to lactate by the equilibrium shown below: Pyru ...
Lecture 2 - Websupport1
... • DNA Bases = adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine • RNA bases = adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine ...
... • DNA Bases = adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine • RNA bases = adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine ...
RBTopic3_6 Enzymes - wfs
... this, the reactions may occur faster. Enzymes are organic catalysts. They are proteins. 2. The amino acids that make up these enzymes allow a tertiary and/or quaternary structure. Because each enzyme has a specific amino acid sequence, enzymes have a specific three-dimensional shape. 3. The molecule ...
... this, the reactions may occur faster. Enzymes are organic catalysts. They are proteins. 2. The amino acids that make up these enzymes allow a tertiary and/or quaternary structure. Because each enzyme has a specific amino acid sequence, enzymes have a specific three-dimensional shape. 3. The molecule ...
Properties of the Major Biological Molecules
... Of course, the answer to all this regards the food we eat. Its something we never think much about, but is clearly of crucial importance to any living system. A clear understanding of the composition of food and how our bodies manipulate it is essential to a basic knowledge of biology. There are sp ...
... Of course, the answer to all this regards the food we eat. Its something we never think much about, but is clearly of crucial importance to any living system. A clear understanding of the composition of food and how our bodies manipulate it is essential to a basic knowledge of biology. There are sp ...
AP Biology Review - Blue Valley Schools
... • DO use your ten minute reading time advantageously. Carefully read all of free response questions and map out your answers. These maps will NOT be graded, but you can use them to write your responses. o Read the prompt thoroughly, then read the prompt again, then read the prompt, then read the pro ...
... • DO use your ten minute reading time advantageously. Carefully read all of free response questions and map out your answers. These maps will NOT be graded, but you can use them to write your responses. o Read the prompt thoroughly, then read the prompt again, then read the prompt, then read the pro ...
Section Slides
... Cellular Transport • Nucleus - transport through nuclear pores • Large enough that ions and small molecules (e.g. metabolites) can freely diffuse through them, but proteins and nucleic acids cannot ...
... Cellular Transport • Nucleus - transport through nuclear pores • Large enough that ions and small molecules (e.g. metabolites) can freely diffuse through them, but proteins and nucleic acids cannot ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.