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Chemistry of Digestion
... of the ileum, whence they diffuse into the blood capillaries of the villi. • Active transport requires energy in the form of ATP, but it allows very rapid absorption, even against a concentration gradient. • The membrane-bound disaccharidases and the monosaccharide pumps are often closely associated ...
... of the ileum, whence they diffuse into the blood capillaries of the villi. • Active transport requires energy in the form of ATP, but it allows very rapid absorption, even against a concentration gradient. • The membrane-bound disaccharidases and the monosaccharide pumps are often closely associated ...
ppt-file
... glucose as a substrate (yield: ¾), five modes only use acetate, and 29 use both. The optimal lysine over glucose yield of ¾ coincides with earlier results obtained by metabolite balancing in [3]. It is understandable that the yield is lower than when ATP and ADP are external (cf. first reaction sche ...
... glucose as a substrate (yield: ¾), five modes only use acetate, and 29 use both. The optimal lysine over glucose yield of ¾ coincides with earlier results obtained by metabolite balancing in [3]. It is understandable that the yield is lower than when ATP and ADP are external (cf. first reaction sche ...
STUMBLING UPON ACTIVE TRANSPORT
... were actively investigating the physiology of the cell membrane, which plays a role in a number of biological processes. It was well known that the concentration of many ions differs inside and outside the cell. For example, the cell maintains a lower intracellular sodium (Na) concentration and hig ...
... were actively investigating the physiology of the cell membrane, which plays a role in a number of biological processes. It was well known that the concentration of many ions differs inside and outside the cell. For example, the cell maintains a lower intracellular sodium (Na) concentration and hig ...
1 - u.arizona.edu
... - look at table for ROS and antioxidants that reduce them (14-4) Free radicals - unpaired electron; extremely reactive against compounds that contain double bonds like unsaturated lipid (plasma membrane) and nucleic acids bases - when damage occurs to membranes oxidized molecules recycled - antiox ...
... - look at table for ROS and antioxidants that reduce them (14-4) Free radicals - unpaired electron; extremely reactive against compounds that contain double bonds like unsaturated lipid (plasma membrane) and nucleic acids bases - when damage occurs to membranes oxidized molecules recycled - antiox ...
BIOCHEMISTRY, CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY TEST Time—170 minutes
... 181 Questions Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and then completely fill in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. ...
... 181 Questions Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and then completely fill in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. ...
svhs lab bioogy - Sonoma Valley High School
... Contrast condensation reactions (dehydration synthesis) with hydrolysis. Explain how ATP stores and gives up energy for the cell’s use. ...
... Contrast condensation reactions (dehydration synthesis) with hydrolysis. Explain how ATP stores and gives up energy for the cell’s use. ...
Chem. 121, Sec 11 Name: Student I.D. Please Show Your Work
... 16. List in order of more negative electron affinity: S, Cl, Li, As, Se (more positive to more negative) . (3 marks) ...
... 16. List in order of more negative electron affinity: S, Cl, Li, As, Se (more positive to more negative) . (3 marks) ...
BIO-5002A - BIOCHEMISTRY
... a) Facilitated diffusion involves a specific membrane protein that lowers the activation energy for movement of the solute through the membrane b) Facilitated diffusion can increase the magnitude of a transmembrane concentration gradient of the diffusing solute c) Facilitated diffusion is dependent ...
... a) Facilitated diffusion involves a specific membrane protein that lowers the activation energy for movement of the solute through the membrane b) Facilitated diffusion can increase the magnitude of a transmembrane concentration gradient of the diffusing solute c) Facilitated diffusion is dependent ...
Enzymes Notes - The Lesson Locker
... A major catabolic pathway is cellular respiration, in which the sugar glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to carbon dioxide and water. e. Anabolic pathways consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler compounds. i. The synthesis of protein from amino acids is an example of ...
... A major catabolic pathway is cellular respiration, in which the sugar glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to carbon dioxide and water. e. Anabolic pathways consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler compounds. i. The synthesis of protein from amino acids is an example of ...
CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2
... affects. These substances are known as substrates. 2. The association between enzyme and substrate is thought to form a close physical association between the molecules and is called the enzyme-substrate complex. 3. While the enzyme-substrate complex is formed, enzyme action takes place. 4. Upon com ...
... affects. These substances are known as substrates. 2. The association between enzyme and substrate is thought to form a close physical association between the molecules and is called the enzyme-substrate complex. 3. While the enzyme-substrate complex is formed, enzyme action takes place. 4. Upon com ...
Power Point 1 - G. Holmes Braddock
... that bind it to the substrate. It denatures the secondary and tertiary structure of enzymes However, increasing temperature also increases the vibration energy that molecules have, specifically in this case enzyme molecules, which puts strain on the bonds that hold them together. As temperature ...
... that bind it to the substrate. It denatures the secondary and tertiary structure of enzymes However, increasing temperature also increases the vibration energy that molecules have, specifically in this case enzyme molecules, which puts strain on the bonds that hold them together. As temperature ...
class title - Palomar College
... the role of chlorophyll-a and water; photosystem II and photosystem I; ATP production; the Calvin Cycle; the role of glucose; guard cells, stomata, and carbon dioxide; C4 and CAM plants. 12) Energetics, The Cellular Oxidation of Glucose A detailed look at glycolysis and cellular respiration. Aerobi ...
... the role of chlorophyll-a and water; photosystem II and photosystem I; ATP production; the Calvin Cycle; the role of glucose; guard cells, stomata, and carbon dioxide; C4 and CAM plants. 12) Energetics, The Cellular Oxidation of Glucose A detailed look at glycolysis and cellular respiration. Aerobi ...
BDS Ist YEAR EXAMINATION 2008-09
... Cyanide is toxic because it: a) Inhibits cytochrome C oxidase b) Forms cyanmethaemoglobin c) Inhibits ATP carrier in mitochondria d) Inhibits Na+-K+ ATPase ...
... Cyanide is toxic because it: a) Inhibits cytochrome C oxidase b) Forms cyanmethaemoglobin c) Inhibits ATP carrier in mitochondria d) Inhibits Na+-K+ ATPase ...
Enzyme Kinetics
... 3. Metal ion catalysis. Metal ion can function in several ways; • can serve as an electrophile, stabilizing a negative charge on a reaction intermediate. • can generate a nucleophile by increasing the acidity of a nearby molecule, such as H2O in the hydration of CO2 by carbonic anhydrase. • can bin ...
... 3. Metal ion catalysis. Metal ion can function in several ways; • can serve as an electrophile, stabilizing a negative charge on a reaction intermediate. • can generate a nucleophile by increasing the acidity of a nearby molecule, such as H2O in the hydration of CO2 by carbonic anhydrase. • can bin ...
Diffusion - U of L Class Index
... Plasma is the only major fluid compartment that exists as a real fluid collection all in one location. It differs from ISF in its much higher protein content and its high bulk flow (transport function). The fluid of bone & dense connective tissue is significant because it contains about 15% of the t ...
... Plasma is the only major fluid compartment that exists as a real fluid collection all in one location. It differs from ISF in its much higher protein content and its high bulk flow (transport function). The fluid of bone & dense connective tissue is significant because it contains about 15% of the t ...
Bacterial Metabolism
... hexose monophosphate shunt, except that pentose sugars are not directly formed. The two pathways are identical up to the formation of 6-phosphogluconate (see Fig. 4-4) and then diverge. In the Entner-Doudoroff pathway, no oxidative decarboxylation of 6phosphogluconate occurs and no pentose compound ...
... hexose monophosphate shunt, except that pentose sugars are not directly formed. The two pathways are identical up to the formation of 6-phosphogluconate (see Fig. 4-4) and then diverge. In the Entner-Doudoroff pathway, no oxidative decarboxylation of 6phosphogluconate occurs and no pentose compound ...
Answers - U of L Class Index
... The next electron added to Be would start a new subshell (2p). The four electrons already in Be would shield enough of the +4 nuclear charge (from the four protons in the nucleus) that the new electrons would feel as much repulsion from the four electrons as it would feel attraction to the nucleus. ...
... The next electron added to Be would start a new subshell (2p). The four electrons already in Be would shield enough of the +4 nuclear charge (from the four protons in the nucleus) that the new electrons would feel as much repulsion from the four electrons as it would feel attraction to the nucleus. ...
Chem*3560 Lecture 15: Gluconeogenesis
... the -CO2 – group. The enzyme has four identical subunits, with each polypeptide made up of three domains: Biotin carrier domain contains biotin covalently bonded to a lysine side chain. This forms a long "arm", and gives the biotin freedom of movement between the two catalytic sites. The biotin carb ...
... the -CO2 – group. The enzyme has four identical subunits, with each polypeptide made up of three domains: Biotin carrier domain contains biotin covalently bonded to a lysine side chain. This forms a long "arm", and gives the biotin freedom of movement between the two catalytic sites. The biotin carb ...
TEST on Atomic Structure
... ____ 37) What characteristic of metals makes them good electrical conductors? a. They have mobile valence electrons. c. They have mobile cations. b. They have mobile protons. d. Their crystal structures can be rearranged easily. ____ 38) Which of these elements does not exist as a diatomic molecule ...
... ____ 37) What characteristic of metals makes them good electrical conductors? a. They have mobile valence electrons. c. They have mobile cations. b. They have mobile protons. d. Their crystal structures can be rearranged easily. ____ 38) Which of these elements does not exist as a diatomic molecule ...
3 Chemistry
... made of. The three main types of organic molecules in our body are carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. 1. Carbohydrates (built from simple sugars) 2. Lipids (built from fatty acids) 3. Protein (built from amino acids) Nucleic acids (built from nucleotides) 1. CARBOHYDRATES are molecules that store ...
... made of. The three main types of organic molecules in our body are carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. 1. Carbohydrates (built from simple sugars) 2. Lipids (built from fatty acids) 3. Protein (built from amino acids) Nucleic acids (built from nucleotides) 1. CARBOHYDRATES are molecules that store ...
CHAPTERS 6 & 7
... linked by ATP • The second stage is the Calvin cycle – It is a cyclic series of reactions that builds sugar molecules (GLUCOSE) from CO2 and the products of the light reactions – During the Calvin cycle, CO2 is incorporated into organic compounds, a process called carbon fixation – This is the ender ...
... linked by ATP • The second stage is the Calvin cycle – It is a cyclic series of reactions that builds sugar molecules (GLUCOSE) from CO2 and the products of the light reactions – During the Calvin cycle, CO2 is incorporated into organic compounds, a process called carbon fixation – This is the ender ...
glycolysis4bio
... • Glycolysis’ net equation is this: Glucose + 2 ATP + 2 NAD+ -------------> 2 Pyruvic acid + 4 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+ • Pyruvic acid is 3 carbon molecule. NAD+ is a compound that accepts electrons so that they may be used elsewhere (similar to NADP+ in photosynthesis). ...
... • Glycolysis’ net equation is this: Glucose + 2 ATP + 2 NAD+ -------------> 2 Pyruvic acid + 4 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+ • Pyruvic acid is 3 carbon molecule. NAD+ is a compound that accepts electrons so that they may be used elsewhere (similar to NADP+ in photosynthesis). ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.