Download SADDLEBACK COLLEGE BIOLOGY 20 EXAMINATION 2 STUDY

SADDLEBACK COLLEGE
BIOLOGY 20
EXAMINATION 2 STUDY GUIDE
The exam will consist of multiple choice, true-false, “fill-in”, and a few short answers for a total of 100 points. Please
bring a pencil and a good eraser. The following is by no means everything on the test. This guide emphasizes main topics
that are covered on the test in one fashion or another. Study your notes, the test is based on the notes given in class.
Read your book to back up the notes given in class. Concentrate on the topics given in class when reading your book.
Study groups can help - but you need to study not just talk! You will really learn the material if you can teach it to
someone. Review you lecture notes in detail. Highlight new terms & concepts. Use the text to complete and correct your
notes. Don’t forget to use your text glossary & index to help define terms and find subjects. Good Luck!!!
This exam will focus on lecture on the following:

Cells & Membranes (Chapter 3) - Know the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Know the
different types of organelles and their functions. Know the components of the plasma membrane, its structure and
function. Know the difference between diffusion, osmosis, active and passive transport - which do or do not require
energy. Know what isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions are and their effects on cells. Know how large
molecules move into and out of cells. Understand the endomembrane system and how this is involved in protein
production and movement within the cell. Understand how large molecules are released from cells.
• Energy (Chapter 4) - kinetic and potential (know examples of each)
• exergonic and endergonic reactions (examples for each)
• Know the two laws of thermodynamics (Which laws are known as the conservation of energy?)
• What is metabolism? Catabolism? Anabolism?
• ATP - how it works
• What are enzymes and how they work? Chapter 5
• what is an active site - what types of molecules bind there
• know the factors that influence enzymatic activity including feedback regulation
• be able to tie in: anabolic/catabolic with endergonic/exergonic, simple/complex, making energy/using
energy
• Photosynthesis (Ch 5) – as discussed with the chloroplast in chapter 4 and the mini lab lecture
• Make sure you can understand the figure from the lab which has the light reaction and Calvin cycle (it’s also
in ebook Fig 5.7 Connect)
• where does photosynthesis take place, what’s the fate of CO2 and H2O, know the products (sugar & O2)
• what’s the role of the photosynthetic pigments? Why are many plants green? What colors of light are being
absorbed/reflected by chlorophyll? What are accessory pigments and their function?
• Know how plants produce O2 & sugar.
• What do plants do with CO2 & H20? What’s the function of sunlight with the chloroplasts.
• Be able to relate these terms to photosynthesis: anabolic, endergonic,
• Cellular respiration (Chapter 6): understand why we need O2 and why we exhale CO2 (PROBABLY NOT ON EXAM).
• Aerobic versus anaerobic metabolism
• glycolysis – runs with or without oxygen. where does it take place, what goes in and what comes out. Know
the energy products (ATP & NADH) & what is pyruvate?
• Substrate level phosphorylation – where do the phosphates come from to make ATP?
• What’s the fate of pyruvate? Where does pyruvate go if there’s O2 present? What happens to pyruvate if
O2 is not present?
• Citric Acid cycle (Krebs cycle) – where does this occur? mitochondrial matrix & produce energy. Succinic acid
dehydrogenase/succinic acid from the hamburger lab.
• Electron Transport Chain (ETC) & oxidative phosphorylation – where is the ETC located. Know that the majority
of ATP is produced here. How do poisons affect the ETC and ATP production?
• what are NADH and FADH2 - how many ATPs are these equivalent to?
• alcohol and lactic acid fermentation – where & why these take place? What goes in (reactants) and what
comes out (products)? How much ATP is produced?
• Cori cycle - where does it occur, what are the 2 fates of lactic acid in the liver? What does the mitochondria do
with lactate?
• What is the fate of the foodstuff that we eat if they are not burned for energy?
• Be able to relate these terms to cellular respiration: anabolic, endergonic,
Possible short answer questions:
These short answer questions will be chosen randomly so be prepared to answer them all.
1. Briefly explain the difference between catabolism and anabolism. How does exergonic and endergonic relate to
metabolism? Give an example of where each of these reactions takes place in your body.
2. Explain the difference between oxidation and reduction using either the cellular respiration or photosynthesis
equation as an example and how these reactions are linked together.
3. How can you use the following: canning (heating), freezing, pickling (acidic) and salting, to prevent microorganisms
such as bacteria or fungi from spoiling your food.
4. Compare and contrast chloroplasts and mitochondria. What general functions do they have in common? How are
their functions different?
5. Explain how a eukaryotic cell benefits from its internal membranes and why they can be up to ten times larger than
prokaryotes. Essentially explain why cells are so small.
6. Explain how the endomembrane system is involved with the production and secretion of proteins (ie. Milk, insulin,
etc.). Don’t forget to include how these larger molecules are released from the cell.
7. Draw and label the four major components of the cell/plasma membrane. Also give the functions of each of these
components. Which are involved in cell-cell recognition?
8. Osmosis concept question, so understand isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic. Understand how the aforementioned
solutions affect cells?
9. Briefly explain the Cori cycle and why your body would undergo this particular cycle. Include the two regions, which
this cycle occurs, and the two possible fates of glucose.
10. Explain how a sprint and marathon runner would produce energy (anaerobically vs. aerobically) for their specific
athletic event.
Point breakdown: 100 points total:• Multiple choice, true/false, matching: 50-60 points • Short answer: 40-50 points
Figure on 5 – 10 questions per section for the multiple guess, true/false, matching
These questions will be: factual recall (do you know the information), conceptual understanding, application (can you
apply the information that you learn or you just a vomit test taker?). The last two questions are what students call
“tricky” questions because you really do not know the material.
If you need help, please ask!!!