GLUCONEOGENESIS, GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS & DEGRADATION
... regulated by hormones and their second messengers. 1. Insulin stimulates glycogen synthesis both in the liver and in skeletal muscle. It ensures that excess carbohydrate is stored away as glycogen after a meal. 2. Glucagon stimulates glycogen degradation in liver but not muscle during fasting when t ...
... regulated by hormones and their second messengers. 1. Insulin stimulates glycogen synthesis both in the liver and in skeletal muscle. It ensures that excess carbohydrate is stored away as glycogen after a meal. 2. Glucagon stimulates glycogen degradation in liver but not muscle during fasting when t ...
Chem*4570 Applied Biochemistry Lecture 7 Overproduction of lysine
... In these cases, the pathway arose as a process of natural adaptation for survival under anaerobic conditions. Before the development of our O2 -rich atmosphere, pathways such as butanol production or other reactions involving hydrogenases for oxidation reactions may well have been more common, but w ...
... In these cases, the pathway arose as a process of natural adaptation for survival under anaerobic conditions. Before the development of our O2 -rich atmosphere, pathways such as butanol production or other reactions involving hydrogenases for oxidation reactions may well have been more common, but w ...
Age and Adipocytes - Iran Obesity Society Official Homepage
... • Adipogenesis is the process by which fibroblastic preadipocyte precursors are converted into fat laden adipocytes. • This process is regulated by external signals impacting on the preadipocytes as well as by an intricate network of signals and transcriptional regulators in the cells. ...
... • Adipogenesis is the process by which fibroblastic preadipocyte precursors are converted into fat laden adipocytes. • This process is regulated by external signals impacting on the preadipocytes as well as by an intricate network of signals and transcriptional regulators in the cells. ...
Problem Set 9 Key
... from the FTP site, so their mutations should not hinder GTP binding as much. Serine Proline is more potent than Arg Ala; this should be expected since proline dramatically influences secondary structure. ...
... from the FTP site, so their mutations should not hinder GTP binding as much. Serine Proline is more potent than Arg Ala; this should be expected since proline dramatically influences secondary structure. ...
Principles of BIOCHEMISTRY
... • Muscles lack pyruvate dehydrogenase and cannot produce ethanol from pyruvate • Muscle lactate dehydrogenase converts pyruvate to lactate • This reaction regenerates NAD+ for use by glyceraldehyde 3phosphate dehydrogenase in glycolysis • Lactate formed in skeletal muscles during exercise is transpo ...
... • Muscles lack pyruvate dehydrogenase and cannot produce ethanol from pyruvate • Muscle lactate dehydrogenase converts pyruvate to lactate • This reaction regenerates NAD+ for use by glyceraldehyde 3phosphate dehydrogenase in glycolysis • Lactate formed in skeletal muscles during exercise is transpo ...
Blood glucose homeostasis
... • In the fasted state (through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, maintains blood levels) • The hepatic uptake and output of glucose is controlled by: o the concentration of key intermediates, and o The activity of enzymes. ...
... • In the fasted state (through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, maintains blood levels) • The hepatic uptake and output of glucose is controlled by: o the concentration of key intermediates, and o The activity of enzymes. ...
Building Blocks of Organic
... - Energy storage - High energy molecules (twice the energy found in glucose) - Found in cells – cushions and insulates body and nerves ...
... - Energy storage - High energy molecules (twice the energy found in glucose) - Found in cells – cushions and insulates body and nerves ...
Fatty acids in food supplements: Can you assume what you
... Can you assume what you consume ? Session 2 Introduction During Session 1, the advantages and disadvantages of using different methods for extracting fatty acids from food supplement capsules were determined by simple gravimetric (by mass) analysis. From the Session 2 pre-laboratory exercise, you wi ...
... Can you assume what you consume ? Session 2 Introduction During Session 1, the advantages and disadvantages of using different methods for extracting fatty acids from food supplement capsules were determined by simple gravimetric (by mass) analysis. From the Session 2 pre-laboratory exercise, you wi ...
Krebs cycle
... Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, structure, cofactors, mechanism, regulation. TCA or Kreb’s cycle, function and regulation. Asymmetric breakdown of a symmetric citrate molecule. “Accounting” of ATP synthesized, from glycolysis to respiratory chain. Murphy’s Law and the missing 10 molecules of ATP per ...
... Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, structure, cofactors, mechanism, regulation. TCA or Kreb’s cycle, function and regulation. Asymmetric breakdown of a symmetric citrate molecule. “Accounting” of ATP synthesized, from glycolysis to respiratory chain. Murphy’s Law and the missing 10 molecules of ATP per ...
Utilization of dietary glucose in the metabolic syndrome
... is doubtful that in humans, with a limited BAT presence [30,31], it may represent a significant dent in the pool of excess circulating glucose, especially when BAT preferred substrate is, again, lipid [32]. Excess glucose becomes a danger by itself: can affect water balance because of its osmotic pr ...
... is doubtful that in humans, with a limited BAT presence [30,31], it may represent a significant dent in the pool of excess circulating glucose, especially when BAT preferred substrate is, again, lipid [32]. Excess glucose becomes a danger by itself: can affect water balance because of its osmotic pr ...
4. KETONE BODY METABOLISM
... Acetoacetate (AcAc) and 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB), the two main ketone bodies of humans, are important vectors of energy transport from the liver to extrahepatic tissues, especially during fasting, when glucose supply is low. Blood total ketone body (TKB) levels should be evaluated in the context of ...
... Acetoacetate (AcAc) and 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB), the two main ketone bodies of humans, are important vectors of energy transport from the liver to extrahepatic tissues, especially during fasting, when glucose supply is low. Blood total ketone body (TKB) levels should be evaluated in the context of ...
Gluconeogenesis
... Compartmentalization of pyruvate carboxylase and PEP carboxykinase Pyruvate carboxylase is found only in the matrix of the mitochondra. The next enzyme involved in gluconeogenesis is PEP carboxykinase is found in both the mitochondria or in the cytosol or both depending on the organism and the tissu ...
... Compartmentalization of pyruvate carboxylase and PEP carboxykinase Pyruvate carboxylase is found only in the matrix of the mitochondra. The next enzyme involved in gluconeogenesis is PEP carboxykinase is found in both the mitochondria or in the cytosol or both depending on the organism and the tissu ...
File
... (2) Amino acid – digestion of proteins and breakdown of proteins from skeletal muscles during starvation (3) Glycerol – hydrolysis of triglycerides This process provides a continuous supply of glucose as metabolic fuel Areas that need this continuous supply includes the brain, red blood ...
... (2) Amino acid – digestion of proteins and breakdown of proteins from skeletal muscles during starvation (3) Glycerol – hydrolysis of triglycerides This process provides a continuous supply of glucose as metabolic fuel Areas that need this continuous supply includes the brain, red blood ...
USMLE Step 1 Web Prep — Glycolysis and Pyruvate
... accumulation of fructose 1-phosphate in the liver and renal proximal tubules. ...
... accumulation of fructose 1-phosphate in the liver and renal proximal tubules. ...
Anaerobic Pathways Glycolysis
... • Fairly low energy yield • Lactate byproduct – Resting levels low – Tolerances 40 mmole/kg in humans, 200 mmole/kg in sea turtles – During strenuous exercise levels highest in muscle and liver tissue ...
... • Fairly low energy yield • Lactate byproduct – Resting levels low – Tolerances 40 mmole/kg in humans, 200 mmole/kg in sea turtles – During strenuous exercise levels highest in muscle and liver tissue ...
respiration 4 - Home - KSU Faculty Member websites
... • Oil – not water soluble, not transportable • Most plants convert oil droplets (triglycerides) sucrose to mobilize its energy • Animals cannot interconvert lipids and carbohydrates! • Again, this gives plants metabolic flexibility in allocating carbon between lipids and carbohydrates – Seeds can ...
... • Oil – not water soluble, not transportable • Most plants convert oil droplets (triglycerides) sucrose to mobilize its energy • Animals cannot interconvert lipids and carbohydrates! • Again, this gives plants metabolic flexibility in allocating carbon between lipids and carbohydrates – Seeds can ...
Fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue, muscle and liver in health
... to make new triacylglycerol within the adipocyte. Regulation of the enzymes of triacylglycerol synthesis is still not understood in detail although the pathway as a whole is certainly stimulated by insulin [6]. In addition, insulin may stimulate glucose uptake and glycolysis, which supplies the glyc ...
... to make new triacylglycerol within the adipocyte. Regulation of the enzymes of triacylglycerol synthesis is still not understood in detail although the pathway as a whole is certainly stimulated by insulin [6]. In addition, insulin may stimulate glucose uptake and glycolysis, which supplies the glyc ...
Biomolecules
... All living things are Carbon based. Biomolecules = 4 essential carbon based molecules http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/11_00/crystal_structure_image.shtml ...
... All living things are Carbon based. Biomolecules = 4 essential carbon based molecules http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/11_00/crystal_structure_image.shtml ...
SUBSTRATE CYCLING (see Voet and Voet)
... rapid production of lactic acid which cannot be removed fast enough. The resulting build up of hydrogen ions can cause pain. Tissue hypoxia, with a resulting increase in glycolytic activcity, occurs in all forms of shock, during convulsions and in deseases involving circulatory and pulminary failure ...
... rapid production of lactic acid which cannot be removed fast enough. The resulting build up of hydrogen ions can cause pain. Tissue hypoxia, with a resulting increase in glycolytic activcity, occurs in all forms of shock, during convulsions and in deseases involving circulatory and pulminary failure ...
Chapter 20-Amino Acid Metabolism
... → The major source of amino acids is the diet. Humans can only synthesize 11 of the 20 common amino acids. The other 9 (H I L K M F T W V) are essential. Arginine is essential only during growth. Tyr is not essential, but only because it can be readily synthesized from the essential Phe. → No specia ...
... → The major source of amino acids is the diet. Humans can only synthesize 11 of the 20 common amino acids. The other 9 (H I L K M F T W V) are essential. Arginine is essential only during growth. Tyr is not essential, but only because it can be readily synthesized from the essential Phe. → No specia ...
Highlights from the Maltese Lipids Intervention: He went over his in
... transport into the mitochondria. Critical regulatory enzyme to generate acetyl CoA for FA synthesis. 7. Know how to regulate aceyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC) from many different levels. He can use fatty acid oxidation triggers from other lectures in terms of ACC (For example, how would epinephrine affect ...
... transport into the mitochondria. Critical regulatory enzyme to generate acetyl CoA for FA synthesis. 7. Know how to regulate aceyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC) from many different levels. He can use fatty acid oxidation triggers from other lectures in terms of ACC (For example, how would epinephrine affect ...
Glyceroneogenesis
Glyceroneogenesis is a metabolic pathway which synthesizes glycerol 3-phosphate or triglyceride from precursors other than glucose. Usually glycerol 3-phosphate is generated from glucose by glycolysis, but when glucose concentration drops in the cytosol, it is generated by another pathway called glyceroneogenesis. Glyceroneogenesis uses pyruvate, alanine, glutamine or any substances from the TCA cycle as precursors for glycerol 3-phophate. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPC-K), which is an enzyme that catalyses the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate is the main regulator for this pathway. Glyceroneogenesis can be observed in adipose tissue and also liver. It is a significant biochemical pathway which regulates cytosolic lipid levels. Intense suppression of glyceroneogenesis may lead to metabolic disorder such as type 2 diabetes.