1. Metabolic pathways 2. Basic enzyme kinetics 3. Metabolic
... » P/O ratio: 3 ATP/NADH & 2 ATP/FADH » Overall: 15 ATP/pyruvate » Actual yields are lower due to incomplete coupling of the oxidative & phosphorylation processes ...
... » P/O ratio: 3 ATP/NADH & 2 ATP/FADH » Overall: 15 ATP/pyruvate » Actual yields are lower due to incomplete coupling of the oxidative & phosphorylation processes ...
Regulation of Glycolysis
... In the liver we find a class I aldolase which is an isozyme of fructose bisphosphate aldolase (aldolase Type A). The Type A aldolase is specific for the substrate fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. The isozyme of aldolase found in the liver is called a Type B aldolase. It can utilize fructose-1-phosphate as ...
... In the liver we find a class I aldolase which is an isozyme of fructose bisphosphate aldolase (aldolase Type A). The Type A aldolase is specific for the substrate fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. The isozyme of aldolase found in the liver is called a Type B aldolase. It can utilize fructose-1-phosphate as ...
Introduction to Carbohydrates
... There are two pathways for glycerol phosphate production: a) In both liver (the primary site of TAG synthesis) and adipose tissue, glycerol phosphate can be produced from glucose, using first the reactions of the glycolytic pathway to produce dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP). Next, DHAP is reduce ...
... There are two pathways for glycerol phosphate production: a) In both liver (the primary site of TAG synthesis) and adipose tissue, glycerol phosphate can be produced from glucose, using first the reactions of the glycolytic pathway to produce dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP). Next, DHAP is reduce ...
PHASE II--Conjugation Reactions A. Glucuronidation-
... a. product is thioether (not amide) b. thiolate anion (nucleophilic) attacks multitude of electrophilic substrates c. conjugates electrophilic heteroatoms 2. Synthesis of GSH a. γ-glutamylcystein synthetase b. glutathione synthetase 3. Conjugation can occur spontaneously or through GSTs a. GSTs pres ...
... a. product is thioether (not amide) b. thiolate anion (nucleophilic) attacks multitude of electrophilic substrates c. conjugates electrophilic heteroatoms 2. Synthesis of GSH a. γ-glutamylcystein synthetase b. glutathione synthetase 3. Conjugation can occur spontaneously or through GSTs a. GSTs pres ...
Biomedical Importance of Lipids
... Present in membrane, plasma, & bile Forms component of cell membrane Decrease surface tension of aqueous later of lung Detergent property solubilize cholesterol in bile (Gall stone) LCAT esterify cholesterol in HDL ...
... Present in membrane, plasma, & bile Forms component of cell membrane Decrease surface tension of aqueous later of lung Detergent property solubilize cholesterol in bile (Gall stone) LCAT esterify cholesterol in HDL ...
Document
... 7. Name molecules can produce ATP(energy) other than sugars. What are the product names can be used as a energy and waste produce after producing ATP or energy source? Protein- Ketone acid(as a energy source), Urea (Waste), Fat – Keto bodies(as a energy source) 8. Name the pathway before an amino ac ...
... 7. Name molecules can produce ATP(energy) other than sugars. What are the product names can be used as a energy and waste produce after producing ATP or energy source? Protein- Ketone acid(as a energy source), Urea (Waste), Fat – Keto bodies(as a energy source) 8. Name the pathway before an amino ac ...
1. Introduction
... 4. synthesizing and degrading other biomolecules (membranes, signal molecules...). Metabolism, composed of thousands of enzymes responsible for catalyzing biochemical reactions, is the link between external resources and the inner workings of the organism. Many biochemical reactions have been studie ...
... 4. synthesizing and degrading other biomolecules (membranes, signal molecules...). Metabolism, composed of thousands of enzymes responsible for catalyzing biochemical reactions, is the link between external resources and the inner workings of the organism. Many biochemical reactions have been studie ...
Biomacromolecules ppt
... Amino acids (monomers) bonded together by peptide bonds that form straight chains of Polymers(=polypeptide). Very large polypeptide = protein. Metabolic proteins are Enzymes. Peptide bond is formed by the Amino/Carboxyl sections of the Amino acid. The R group is responsible for the Hydrogen and ioni ...
... Amino acids (monomers) bonded together by peptide bonds that form straight chains of Polymers(=polypeptide). Very large polypeptide = protein. Metabolic proteins are Enzymes. Peptide bond is formed by the Amino/Carboxyl sections of the Amino acid. The R group is responsible for the Hydrogen and ioni ...
Document
... • Enzyme activity may change due to inhibitor or activator molecules called effectors. • Inhibitors can be competitive (bind at substrate active site) • Noncompetitive inhibitors and activators bind to allosteric (regulatory) sites; separate from the active site; These effectors change the shape of ...
... • Enzyme activity may change due to inhibitor or activator molecules called effectors. • Inhibitors can be competitive (bind at substrate active site) • Noncompetitive inhibitors and activators bind to allosteric (regulatory) sites; separate from the active site; These effectors change the shape of ...
Glucose-6-P to Fructose-6-P
... Synthesis of "new glucose" from common metabolites • Humans consume 160 g of glucose per day • 75% of that is in the brain • Body fluids contain only 20 g of glucose • Glycogen stores yield 180-200 g of glucose • So the body must be able to make its own glucose ...
... Synthesis of "new glucose" from common metabolites • Humans consume 160 g of glucose per day • 75% of that is in the brain • Body fluids contain only 20 g of glucose • Glycogen stores yield 180-200 g of glucose • So the body must be able to make its own glucose ...
Various University Examination Questions on Fatty acid
... 17. Write the reaction, with cofactors if any, catalyzed by Acetyl CoA carboxylase. ...
... 17. Write the reaction, with cofactors if any, catalyzed by Acetyl CoA carboxylase. ...
III. Metabolism
... The M-type predominates tissue that are subject to anaerobic conditions such as liver and skeletal muscle. H4 LDH has a low KM for pyruvate and is allosterically inhibited by it. M4 LDH has a low KM for pyruvate and is NOT allosterically inhibited by it. ...
... The M-type predominates tissue that are subject to anaerobic conditions such as liver and skeletal muscle. H4 LDH has a low KM for pyruvate and is allosterically inhibited by it. M4 LDH has a low KM for pyruvate and is NOT allosterically inhibited by it. ...
fatty acids synthesis
... with elongation.[Note: Humans lack the ability to introduce double bonds at carbon 9 therefore, must have the polyunsaturated linoleic and linolenic acids provided in the diet . Storage of fatty acids as components of triacylglycerols Mono-, di-, and triacylglycerols consist of one, two, or three mo ...
... with elongation.[Note: Humans lack the ability to introduce double bonds at carbon 9 therefore, must have the polyunsaturated linoleic and linolenic acids provided in the diet . Storage of fatty acids as components of triacylglycerols Mono-, di-, and triacylglycerols consist of one, two, or three mo ...
Chapter 16 Glycolysis Control of glycolytic pathway
... The first phase of glycolysis ends with the cleavage of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP). This readily reversible reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme aldolase. GAP can be processed to pyruvate to yield ATP, whereas DHAP cannot. The ...
... The first phase of glycolysis ends with the cleavage of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP). This readily reversible reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme aldolase. GAP can be processed to pyruvate to yield ATP, whereas DHAP cannot. The ...
Glucose-6-P to Fructose-6-P
... Synthesis of "new glucose" from common metabolites • Humans consume 160 g of glucose per day • 75% of that is in the brain • Body fluids contain only 20 g of glucose • Glycogen stores yield 180-200 g of glucose • So the body must be able to make its own glucose ...
... Synthesis of "new glucose" from common metabolites • Humans consume 160 g of glucose per day • 75% of that is in the brain • Body fluids contain only 20 g of glucose • Glycogen stores yield 180-200 g of glucose • So the body must be able to make its own glucose ...
Fatty acids with
... Palmitoyl-CoA *Inhibits Ac-CoA carboxylase *Inhibits translocation of citrate from mitochondria to cytosol *Inhibits glucose 6-P dehydrogenase NADPH ...
... Palmitoyl-CoA *Inhibits Ac-CoA carboxylase *Inhibits translocation of citrate from mitochondria to cytosol *Inhibits glucose 6-P dehydrogenase NADPH ...
Lipid Metabolism 1. What has a higher stored energy potential per
... androgens. Kidney dysfunction is due to the block in aldosterone (mineralocorticoid) production by the 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Aldosterone is required for the control of salt balance and normal kidney functions. 15. Each mole of triglyceride contains one mole of glycerol which can be converted to ...
... androgens. Kidney dysfunction is due to the block in aldosterone (mineralocorticoid) production by the 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Aldosterone is required for the control of salt balance and normal kidney functions. 15. Each mole of triglyceride contains one mole of glycerol which can be converted to ...
Synthesis and Degradation of Lipids
... - between resting and activated muscle 100x - feed <-> fasting - Breakdown of glycogen and fatty acids concern the whole organism - organs and tissues connected by blood stream, coordination - Blood glucose levels sensed by pancreatic α cells, glucose down -> secrete glucagon -> glycogen degrad ...
... - between resting and activated muscle 100x - feed <-> fasting - Breakdown of glycogen and fatty acids concern the whole organism - organs and tissues connected by blood stream, coordination - Blood glucose levels sensed by pancreatic α cells, glucose down -> secrete glucagon -> glycogen degrad ...
AP Biology Discussion Notes
... Redraw our tree of the 3 domains of life in a different way, that still means the same thing. Make sure to include characteristics! ...
... Redraw our tree of the 3 domains of life in a different way, that still means the same thing. Make sure to include characteristics! ...
Lipid Biosynthesis
... • Involved in regulation of beta oxidation – When fuel is high, acetyl CoA is plentiful, and malonyl CoA is produced – Malonyl CoA may decrease appetite – Malonyl CoA inhibits acylcarnitine transferase • No Fatty acids can get into mitochondria for oxidation ...
... • Involved in regulation of beta oxidation – When fuel is high, acetyl CoA is plentiful, and malonyl CoA is produced – Malonyl CoA may decrease appetite – Malonyl CoA inhibits acylcarnitine transferase • No Fatty acids can get into mitochondria for oxidation ...
Anaerobic Pathways Glycolysis Alternate Endpoints
... – common animal endpoint – not a waste product ...
... – common animal endpoint – not a waste product ...
of Glycolysis
... • Phosphofructokinase‐ major control point; first enzyme “unique” to glycolysis • Pyruvate kinase •Phosphofructokinase responds to changes in: • Energy state of the cell (high ATP levels inhibit) • H+ concentration (high lactate levels inhibit) • Availability of alternate fuels such as fatty acids, ...
... • Phosphofructokinase‐ major control point; first enzyme “unique” to glycolysis • Pyruvate kinase •Phosphofructokinase responds to changes in: • Energy state of the cell (high ATP levels inhibit) • H+ concentration (high lactate levels inhibit) • Availability of alternate fuels such as fatty acids, ...
Exam 4 KEY
... 13. (5 pts) Explain why tyrosine is considered a non-essential amino acid even though humans lack the enzymes required for de novo tyrosine biosynthesis. Tyrosine is considered a non-essential amino acid because humans contain an enzyme (phenylalanine hydroxylase) that converts the essential amino a ...
... 13. (5 pts) Explain why tyrosine is considered a non-essential amino acid even though humans lack the enzymes required for de novo tyrosine biosynthesis. Tyrosine is considered a non-essential amino acid because humans contain an enzyme (phenylalanine hydroxylase) that converts the essential amino a ...
Glyceroneogenesis
Glyceroneogenesis is a metabolic pathway which synthesizes glycerol 3-phosphate or triglyceride from precursors other than glucose. Usually glycerol 3-phosphate is generated from glucose by glycolysis, but when glucose concentration drops in the cytosol, it is generated by another pathway called glyceroneogenesis. Glyceroneogenesis uses pyruvate, alanine, glutamine or any substances from the TCA cycle as precursors for glycerol 3-phophate. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPC-K), which is an enzyme that catalyses the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate is the main regulator for this pathway. Glyceroneogenesis can be observed in adipose tissue and also liver. It is a significant biochemical pathway which regulates cytosolic lipid levels. Intense suppression of glyceroneogenesis may lead to metabolic disorder such as type 2 diabetes.