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Sample exam 1
... b. At these physiological conditions, ATP hydrolysis has a free energy change of – 58 kJ/mol. How many moles of ATP must be hydrolyzed to generate the gastric juice in part a? 7. Even though acetate units, such as those obtained from fatty acid oxidation, cannot be used for net synthesis of carbohyd ...
... b. At these physiological conditions, ATP hydrolysis has a free energy change of – 58 kJ/mol. How many moles of ATP must be hydrolyzed to generate the gastric juice in part a? 7. Even though acetate units, such as those obtained from fatty acid oxidation, cannot be used for net synthesis of carbohyd ...
Fructose-1,6 - LSU School of Medicine
... Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is regulated at the level of ...
... Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is regulated at the level of ...
ketone bodies
... Ketone bodies and insulin dependent diabetes (type I diabetes) inadequate levels of insulin secretion result in: reduced uptake of glucose by muscle and adipose tissue (GluT4) increased output of glucagon by cells of pancreas and increased ratio of glucagon/insulin. This leads to: increase ...
... Ketone bodies and insulin dependent diabetes (type I diabetes) inadequate levels of insulin secretion result in: reduced uptake of glucose by muscle and adipose tissue (GluT4) increased output of glucagon by cells of pancreas and increased ratio of glucagon/insulin. This leads to: increase ...
Metabolism
... Other Lipoproteins: Step 9 • Free HDLs are released into bloodstream: – travel into peripheral tissues – absorb additional cholesterol ...
... Other Lipoproteins: Step 9 • Free HDLs are released into bloodstream: – travel into peripheral tissues – absorb additional cholesterol ...
2008 VFA Absorption
... – Acetate and B(OH)butyrate contribute equally to the first 4 carbons – Must be converted to acetyl CoA for additional C • Lactate – 5 – 10% of the fatty acids in milk – Inversely related to the amount of acetate available » Controlled by pyruvate dehydrogenase – Additional uses of lactate » Glycero ...
... – Acetate and B(OH)butyrate contribute equally to the first 4 carbons – Must be converted to acetyl CoA for additional C • Lactate – 5 – 10% of the fatty acids in milk – Inversely related to the amount of acetate available » Controlled by pyruvate dehydrogenase – Additional uses of lactate » Glycero ...
Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism
... 2. conversion of glucose to triacylglycerols in liver and adipose tissue (lipogenesis) ...
... 2. conversion of glucose to triacylglycerols in liver and adipose tissue (lipogenesis) ...
Ex. glucose, fructose and galactose: these are isomers
... B. Polypeptides: very long chains of amino acids. The amino acids in the chains interact with each other, forming different types of structures: 1.__________________________ 2.__________________________ 3.__________________________ C. The ___________________of a protein is greatly influenced by cond ...
... B. Polypeptides: very long chains of amino acids. The amino acids in the chains interact with each other, forming different types of structures: 1.__________________________ 2.__________________________ 3.__________________________ C. The ___________________of a protein is greatly influenced by cond ...
Cori Cycle - COFFEE BREAK CORNER
... or Cori cycle 2. Conversion into pyruvate a) If oxygen gets available, lactate is converted into pyruvate w’ proceeds into Krebs cycle 3. Lactate may be accumulated in muscles causing muscle fatigue ...
... or Cori cycle 2. Conversion into pyruvate a) If oxygen gets available, lactate is converted into pyruvate w’ proceeds into Krebs cycle 3. Lactate may be accumulated in muscles causing muscle fatigue ...
2.3 Biomolecules Hon
... Enzymes act on specific substrates ◦ Substrate: substance that the enzyme breaks down Each substrate fits into the active site. (Like a lock & key) ...
... Enzymes act on specific substrates ◦ Substrate: substance that the enzyme breaks down Each substrate fits into the active site. (Like a lock & key) ...
File - Wk 1-2
... Beta-oxidation is the initial phase of fatty acid oxidation This occurs in the mitochondria There are quite a few reactions, but the result is that the fatty acid chains are broken into two-carbon acetic acid fragments, and coenzymes are reduced. Acetic acid molecules then fuse with coenzyme A, maki ...
... Beta-oxidation is the initial phase of fatty acid oxidation This occurs in the mitochondria There are quite a few reactions, but the result is that the fatty acid chains are broken into two-carbon acetic acid fragments, and coenzymes are reduced. Acetic acid molecules then fuse with coenzyme A, maki ...
Answers - Shelton State
... 19. What is the anticodon for UUC? For what does this code? AAG; Phe 20. DNA is sometimes made from RNA by retro viruses. This process is called reverse transcription. 21. Nucleic acids are synthesized from their 5’ end to their 3’ end. 22. Define: antiparallel, termination code, enzyme, frame shift ...
... 19. What is the anticodon for UUC? For what does this code? AAG; Phe 20. DNA is sometimes made from RNA by retro viruses. This process is called reverse transcription. 21. Nucleic acids are synthesized from their 5’ end to their 3’ end. 22. Define: antiparallel, termination code, enzyme, frame shift ...
Free Fatty acids - Sheffield Metabolic Laboratory
... as 3-hydroxybutyrate and free fatty acids (or non-esterified, NEFA). All are normally present in blood and have a vital role in energy metabolism. These compounds are linked through a number of different pathways, which interact depending on nutritional status. During normal nutritional status (i.e. ...
... as 3-hydroxybutyrate and free fatty acids (or non-esterified, NEFA). All are normally present in blood and have a vital role in energy metabolism. These compounds are linked through a number of different pathways, which interact depending on nutritional status. During normal nutritional status (i.e. ...
Biochemistry - Circle of Docs
... 17. _______________ is a source of ribose for nucleotide formation: a. pentose phosphate pathway 18. fasting causes low serum ________ levels. a. Insulin b. Cortisol c. Glucagons d. Adrenalin 19. Which reacts with acetyl CoA to form citrate: a. Malate b. Oxaloacetate c. Pyruvate d. Glutamate 20. The ...
... 17. _______________ is a source of ribose for nucleotide formation: a. pentose phosphate pathway 18. fasting causes low serum ________ levels. a. Insulin b. Cortisol c. Glucagons d. Adrenalin 19. Which reacts with acetyl CoA to form citrate: a. Malate b. Oxaloacetate c. Pyruvate d. Glutamate 20. The ...
Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology
... • Fatty Acids (FA) and Triglycerides (TG) – high density energy store ...
... • Fatty Acids (FA) and Triglycerides (TG) – high density energy store ...
2. Glucogenic amino acids
... The lactate formed in the muscle is transported to the liver through Cori's cycle. In the liver cell lactate dehydrogenase converts lactate to pyruvate. The pyruvate enters the gluconeogenic pathway to form glucose. ...
... The lactate formed in the muscle is transported to the liver through Cori's cycle. In the liver cell lactate dehydrogenase converts lactate to pyruvate. The pyruvate enters the gluconeogenic pathway to form glucose. ...
The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle)
... The citric acid cycle is a series of reactions in mitochondria that oxidize acetyl residues (as acetyl-CoA) and reduce coenzymes that upon reoxidation are linked to the formation of ATP. The citric acid cycle is the final common pathway for the aerobic oxidation of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein b ...
... The citric acid cycle is a series of reactions in mitochondria that oxidize acetyl residues (as acetyl-CoA) and reduce coenzymes that upon reoxidation are linked to the formation of ATP. The citric acid cycle is the final common pathway for the aerobic oxidation of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein b ...
Preparation of Azeleic Acid from Castor Oil Saponification and
... dioxide (CO2). Usually, decarboxylation refers to a reaction of carboxylic acids, removing a carbon atom from a carbon chain. Decarboxylation is especially easy in βketocarboxylic acids due to the concerted movement of three pairs of electrons. Biochemical decarboxylation is common. One example is p ...
... dioxide (CO2). Usually, decarboxylation refers to a reaction of carboxylic acids, removing a carbon atom from a carbon chain. Decarboxylation is especially easy in βketocarboxylic acids due to the concerted movement of three pairs of electrons. Biochemical decarboxylation is common. One example is p ...
Chapter 25
... • Breaks down glucose in cytosol into smaller molecules used by mitochondria • Does not require oxygen so it is anaerobic • 1 molecule of glucose yields only 2 ATP • Yields very little energy on its own, but it is enough to power your muscles for short periods • Some bacteria are entirely anaerobic ...
... • Breaks down glucose in cytosol into smaller molecules used by mitochondria • Does not require oxygen so it is anaerobic • 1 molecule of glucose yields only 2 ATP • Yields very little energy on its own, but it is enough to power your muscles for short periods • Some bacteria are entirely anaerobic ...
Chapter 24 Metabolism
... – 4 from NADH generated in glycolysis (requires oxygen) – 2 from TCA cycle (through GTP) – 28 from electron transport ...
... – 4 from NADH generated in glycolysis (requires oxygen) – 2 from TCA cycle (through GTP) – 28 from electron transport ...
Macromolecules Vocabulary and Concepts
... o Ring form of glucose comes in two forms: alpha and beta glucose o Starch: polymer of alpha glucose, energy storage in plants, digested by animals o Glycogen: polymer of alpha glucose, energy storage in animals o Cellulose: polymer of beta glucose, structural component of plants, not digested by an ...
... o Ring form of glucose comes in two forms: alpha and beta glucose o Starch: polymer of alpha glucose, energy storage in plants, digested by animals o Glycogen: polymer of alpha glucose, energy storage in animals o Cellulose: polymer of beta glucose, structural component of plants, not digested by an ...
1. Diagram the biosynthetic pathway fiom UMP),
... How does a mutation in the ras gene that leads to formation of a Ras protein with no GTPase activity affect a cell's response to insulin ? (5%) ...
... How does a mutation in the ras gene that leads to formation of a Ras protein with no GTPase activity affect a cell's response to insulin ? (5%) ...
Glyceroneogenesis
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Glycerol-3-phosphate.png?width=300)
Glyceroneogenesis is a metabolic pathway which synthesizes glycerol 3-phosphate or triglyceride from precursors other than glucose. Usually glycerol 3-phosphate is generated from glucose by glycolysis, but when glucose concentration drops in the cytosol, it is generated by another pathway called glyceroneogenesis. Glyceroneogenesis uses pyruvate, alanine, glutamine or any substances from the TCA cycle as precursors for glycerol 3-phophate. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPC-K), which is an enzyme that catalyses the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate is the main regulator for this pathway. Glyceroneogenesis can be observed in adipose tissue and also liver. It is a significant biochemical pathway which regulates cytosolic lipid levels. Intense suppression of glyceroneogenesis may lead to metabolic disorder such as type 2 diabetes.