Download Macromolecules Vocabulary and Concepts

Chapter 5: Macromolecules
Key Vocabulary and Concepts to Review
Four Organic Macromolecules
 Carbohydrates
 Lipids
 Proteins
 Nucleic acids
Polymers
 carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids form polymers
 made of monomers
 Describe the two types of reactions listed below, and explain how they are involved in forming or
breaking down polymers.
o Dehydration Synthesis
o Hydrolysis Reaction
Carbohydrates
 Uses
o Energy, structure, and support
 Monosaccharide – simple sugars
o Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
 Disaccharide
o Sucrose (Glucose + Fructose)
o Maltose (Glucose + Glucose)
 Polysaccharide (Polymers of Glucose)
o Ring form of glucose comes in two forms: alpha and beta glucose
o Starch: polymer of alpha glucose, energy storage in plants, digested by animals
o Glycogen: polymer of alpha glucose, energy storage in animals
o Cellulose: polymer of beta glucose, structural component of plants, not digested by animals
 Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose are all polymers of glucose
o Identify differences and similarities between starch, glycogen, and cellulose. Focus on
structure, function, and where each is found.
 Glycosidic linkages join monosaccharides that make up disaccharides and polysaccharides.
They are formed through Dehydration Synthesis.
Lipids
 Hydrophobic
 Do NOT form polymers
 Types
o Fats and Oils (Triglycerides)
 Fats are solid at room temperature, oils are liquid at room temperature
 Energy storage
 Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
 Ester Linkage joins fatty acids to the glycerol molecule
? What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
o Phospholipid
 Glycerol, 2 fatty acids, 1 phosphate
 Amphipathic
 Cell membranes
? How does the degree of saturation of fatty acids in a cell membrane affect the fluidity
of the membrane?
o Steroids
o Waxes
o Vitamins – some vitamins are not water soluble (A, D, E, and K)
Protein
 Many Uses: structural support, protection, transport, catalysis (enzymes), defense, regulation
(hormones), movement.
 Polymer of amino acids
 Polypeptide
o Peptide Bonds join amino acids. Amino Acids are linked together through a dehydration
synthesis reaction.
 Amino Acids
o Central asymmetric carbon, hydrogen, carboxyl group, amino group, functional group
o Functional groups can be Hydrophobic (Nonpolar), Hydrophilic (Polar), or Ionic
(Electrically Charged).
 Structure
o Primary
o Secondary
o Tertiary
o Quaternary
 Protein Folding
 Denaturing
?
Discuss how the phrase “structure determines function” applies to proteins.
Nucleic Acids
 Polymer
o Phosphodiester bonds
 Five bases (monomers): adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
 DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid
 RNA = ribonucleic acid