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Study Guide – Simple, Compound, and Complex Sentences Before we can talk about different types of sentences, we need to review independent and subordinate / dependent clauses. Remember, an independent clause has a subject and a verb. It expresses a complete thought, so it can stand alone as a sentence. Examples: Miles has a cute dog. He walks it every day. The dog barks a lot. A subordinate clause , also known as a dependent clause, also has a subject and a verb, but it does not express a complete thought. It needs help in order to be a part of a sentence. If it does not have a subject and a verb, then it is not a subordinate clause. A subordinate clause will begin with one of the following subordinating conjunctions: after how unless which although if until while as since when who as if so that whenever whom as though than where whose because that wherever before though whether Examples: that he walks every day who barks a lot after they go for a walk whenever he walks his dog These are all examples of subordinate clauses because: 1. They all have subjects and verbs. 2. They begin with one of the subordinating conjunctions from the chart above. 3. They do not express complete thoughts, so they are not sentences. simple sentence = 1 independent clause compound sentence = independent clause + independent clause (joined with a comma and one of the following conjunctions (FANBOYS) OR with a semicolon): Coordinating conjunctions or FANBOYS: and or but for nor yet so complex sentence = 1 independent clause + at least one subordinate clause We need to be careful! Many times people think that any group of words that does not express a complete thought is a subordinate clause, but this is not true. You need to make sure that the group of words has a subject and verb and that it begins with a subordinating conjunction. For example, look at the following sentences: 1. After a delicious dinner we played a family game of Go Fish. Some people might think that this would be a complex sentence. We know that "we played a family game of Go Fish" is an independent clause because it would be a sentence by itself. Look at the rest of the sentence. People might think that "after a delicious dinner" is a subordinate clause because it does not express a complete thought. It begins with the word "after" which is in our list of subordinating conjunctions above. Notice that it does not have a verb. Therefore, it can't be a subordinate clause BECAUSE WE KNOW THAT A SUBORDINATE CLAUSE HAS TO HAVE A SUBJECT AND A VERB. It would be a subordinate clause if it said, "after we finished our delicious dinner." As it is written, the sentence above is a simple sentence. 2. Ms. Nalley really likes the color pink and also loves cats. Again, some people might think that this would be a complex sentence. They think that "also loves cats" is a subordinate clause because it does not express a complete thought. It does have the verb "loves", but it is missing a subject and also a subordinating conjunction. Therefore, we know that it can't be a subordinate clause. This sentence is just a simple sentence. Look at this chart: SIMPLE SENTENCE Miles has a dog. He walks it every afternoon. Miles has a dog and walks COMPOUND SENTENCE Miles has a dog, and he walks it every afternoon. COMPLEX SENTENCE Miles has a dog that he walks every afternoon. “Miles has a dog” is a it every afternoon. These are all examples of simple sentences. The last sentence has a compound verb. “Walks it every afternoon” is not a subordinate clause because it does not have a subject. This sentence is compound because it is two sentences (or two independent clauses) joined with a comma and the conjunction “and”. sentence by itself, so it’s an independent clause. “That he walks every afternoon” has a subject and a verb, but it doesn’t express a complete thought. That makes it a subordinate clause. Notice that these sentences all say the same thing. They are worded just a little bit differently. Try to do a similar chart. Write two simple sentences that are related. Example: I went skiing in West Virginia. I had a great time. Think about how you can join them to make one big sentence. Since both sentences have the subject "I," I could do something like this: I went skiing in West Virginia and had a great time. Since I kept the first sentence the way that it was and got rid of the subject "I" in the second sentence, the sentence above is still a simple sentence. ("Had a great time" is not a subordinate clause because it is missing a subject.) Or if I wanted to make a compound sentence, I would just keep the two sentences the same and join them with a comma and a conjunction: I went skiing in West Virginia, and I had a great time. Or to make a complex sentence, I just need to choose a subordinating conjunction from the chart above. I think that I'll use the conjunction "when." When I went skiing in West Virginia, I had a great time. I had a great time when I went skiing in West Virginia. Now it's your turn. Fill in the chart below using the same steps that I used in the example about skiing in West Virginia. SIMPLE SENTENCE Miles has a dog. He walks it every afternoon. I went skiing in West Virginia. I had a great time. COMPOUND SENTENCE Miles has a dog, and he walks it every afternoon. I went skiing in West Virginia, and I had a great time. COMPLEX SENTENCE Miles has a dog that he w afternoon. When I went skiing in We had a great time. OR The weatherman predicted snow last week. All of the kids got excited. The weatherman predicted snow last week, so all of the kids got excited. I had a great time when I West Virginia. Because the weatherman last week, all of the kids g OR All of the kids got excited weatherman predicted sno