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GRAMMAR REVIEW
Nouns
Person
 Place
 Thing

Types of Nouns
Proper : Mr. D., Dr. Smith-Jones,
Elmira, Brubacher Street, Denmark
 Common: car, student, building, flower
 Concrete: desk, food
 Abstract: hope, disappointment, hunger

Pronoun

Replaces a noun:
 Personal pronouns:







He (third person) might replace Jake (antecedent)
she – Jenna
it – textbook
they – the band
I (first person)
we
You (second person)
Indefinite pronouns
Anybody, anyone, anything
 Everybody, everything
 Nobody, nothing
 Somebody, someone, something
 Both, few, many, several
 All, any most, none, some

Verb
The action of the sentence
 Action (jump, sing)
 State of being ( am, feel, appear)
 Can have more than one part: a
helper verb and an action verb ( will
study)
 Can link the subject to a modifier

She was irritated.

DESCRIBERS
Adjectives
 Adverbs

Adjectives
Adds to a noun
 Many people
 Orange shirt
 Delicious pizza

Adverb

Adds to a verb, adverb or adjective
Walk gracefully
 Walk very gracefully.

JOINERS
Preposition
 Conjunction

Preposition
Positioned before a noun to connect it to
the sentence
 Go to the office.

Conjunction

Connects two clauses, phrases or like
sentence parts together

You need a healthy diet, and you also
need exercise.
Expressers
Interjection
 Expresses emotion

Ouch! That hurt.
 Oh! How lovely!
 Blimey! I forgot my essay.

PARTS OF A SENTENCE
Subject
 Predicate
 Object
 Phrase
 Clause

Subject
The someone/something that does
something in a sentence; this
someone/something in a sentence’s
main clause is called the bare subject
 Who or what the sentence is about
 The actor in the sentence

Predicate
What the subject is, or what the subject
did
 Everything other than the subject
 The main verb (the action that the
someone/something is doing) in the
predicate is called the bare predicate

Example

My best friend plays guitar.
Subject
predicate.
Direct Object

Receives the action of the main verb
Indirect Object

Receives the direct object
Example

Josh threw the ball to Amanda.
Direct object
indirect object
Phrases and Clause
Phrase does not have its own subject
and verb
 into the forest

Clause has its own subject and verb
 the children ran

Example
 The
children ran into the forest.
clause
phrase
Phrase
A group of words in a sentence that acts
grammatically as a part of speech
 It cannot stand alone as a sentence
because it has neither a subject or a
predicate

Main Clause
A group of words with a subject and a
predicate that contain the main subject
and the main verb (bare predicate) of the
entire sentence
 It can be joined to another clause with a
coordinating conjunction (remember
FANBOYS) or stand alone as a
complete sentence

Subordinate Clause
A clause that begins with a subordinate
conjunction, making it less important
than the main clause in the same
sentence
 It cannot stand alone as a sentence

Example

I went to the dentist because my tooth hurt.
Main clause
subordinate clause
Relative Clause

A clause that begins with a relative
pronoun such as who, that, or which that
cannot be separated from the word or
phrase it relates to.
The student who meets deadlines is
successful.
TYPES OF SENTENCES
Simple
 Compound
 Complex
 Compound-complex

Simple

One subject and one verb ( one main
clause)

John built the house.
Compound

Two or more main clauses

I knocked at the door and rang the
doorbell, but no one seemed to hear me.
Complex

One main and one or more subordinate
clauses

When we returned, the fire was out.
Compound-Complex

Two or more main clauses, and one or
more subordinate clauses

I dropped my napkin, and I spilled my
drink while the speaker was proposing a
toast.