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Unit 2, Chapter 13
Patterns of Inheritance
1. Study the photo on p. 343. This is a group of sea stars in Big Sur,
CA. What similarities do you notice? What differences?
2. Define genetics.
3. Is genetics always a question of nature or nurture? Or both?
Explain and defend your answer.
4. What is the difference between identical and fraternal twins?
5. Give the example in your book of how environmental factors
shape the destiny of hair color in Siamese cats.
6. Who was Gregor Mendel? What was his contribution to our
understanding of genetics?
7. What was his organism of choice when studying genetics?
8. What is an allele? Did it compare with Mendel’s “factors?”
9. How does the arrangement of genes and chromosomes differ in
eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
10. What is a karyotype? How does it help us understand genetic
disorders?
11. In the karyotype below, what do you notice as unusual?
12. What gender is this person? On what did you base your answer?
13. Explain briefly your understanding of the Human Genome
Project.
14. What is the relationship between a gene and an allele; between
genes and chromosomes; between genes and DNA?
15. Define probability. Try some: What is the probability of
drawing a 10 in a deck of cards? Of drawing the 10 of hearts in a
deck of cards? Of drawing a 10 and a 2 in a deck of cards? Of
drawing the 10 of hearts and 2 of hearts in a deck of cards? Of
drawing the 10 of hearts OR the 2 of hearts in a deck of cards?
16. Differentiate between a monohybrid and dyhybrid cross.
17. What generation are the parents? What generation are their
offspring? What generation are their grandchildren?
18. What is the term given to the genetic makeup of the organism?
Give an example using only a monohybrid trait.
19. What is the term given to the makeup of the organism according
to what the trait looks like or its observable characteristic? Give an
example.
20. If both alleles are the same (e.g., MM or mm), the term given to
it is __________________. If both alleles are different (e.g., Mm),
the term give to it is _________________________.
21. Circle the genotypes that would give dominant traits:
Aa
cc
PP
Oo
RR
ss
TT
22. Circle the genotypes that would give only recessive traits:
Tt
qq
mm
LL
Vv
23. Place a square around all the traits in #21 and 22 that are
heterozygous.
dd
24. Study Figure 13.14. What is the genotypic ratio of the F2
generation? What is the phenotypic ratio?
25. Study Figure 13.15. This is a dihybrid cross. What would the
PARENTS’ genotype be?
26. Study Table 13.1. Be able to compare gene and chromosome
behavior.
27. What chromosomes determine sex of the individual?
For a female, how many X’s? In males, how many X’s?
In females, how many y’s? In males, how many Y’s?
So, which one is necessary for life?
28. Mendel proposed three principles: principle of dominance and
recessiveness; principle of independent assortment; and principle of
segregation. State and EXPLAIN each one.
29. What types of gametes are produced by the following plants:
a. Tt crossed with TT
b. TTYy crossed with ttYY
30. Explain the phenomenon of incomplete dominance and codominance. Give examples of each.
31. What are multiple alleles? Give examples of their use in
humans.
32. What are linked genes? What is the relationship between the
distance between linked genes and the frequency with which linked
traits become separated? What is a gene map?
33. What is a sex-linked trait? Who worked with this phenomenon at
Columbia University? What was the organism of choice for study?
Why?
34. Who was Mary Lyon? What was her contribution? Explain.
35. How would her work affect those individuals with genotypes of
XXY? Or XXXY? Or XO?
36. Study the photo below of this calico cat. All calicos are female.
Any rare male is an anomaly and sterile. How does this coloration
occur?
36. What is the term given to chromosomes that do not separate in
meiosis called? What well-known genetic disorder is caused by this?
37. What chromosome is involved in Downs Syndrome? Explain and
give symptoms of this disorder. What is another name for this?
38. Should a person with type A blood receive a transfusion of type
O blood? Why or why not?
39. What is a testcross?