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Transcript
AP Outline: Social Psychology Structure of a given group may affect behavior of the group as a unit i.e., group polarization. Structure of a given group may affect behavior of the individual group member i.e., de-individualization. Concepts: Social cognition Attribution = the ways in which individuals form judgments about other individuals’ behaviors and their own. Divide into: Situational Factors Dispositional factors Stereotypes- regarding attributions of behavior Attitude Stability Attitude Change Classic Studies: Stanford, Zimbardo, Prison Study Conformity Compliance: Obedience: Milgram and authority Aggression/Anti-social behavior Etiology: (the study of the causes) Expression of Aggression Target Aggressor Reduction of Aggression or group hostility Organizational behavior Theoretical perspectives Individuals and group structures in orgnaizations Behavior and performance Group Dynamics Attribution Processes Interpersonal Perception Conformity, Compliance, Obedience Attitudes and Attitude Change Organizational Behavior Aggression/Antisocial Behavior Chapter 18 Social Behavior (pg. 666) “Behavior is influenced by pressure from others.” Part 1 Tuesday 1. Define and or summarize the main ideas from the text 2. Social Psychology 3. Social Behavior 4. Attribution 5. Etiology 6. Types of social interactions 7. Social pressures to conform 8. Culture Impacts 9. Social Roles 10. Ascribed Roles 11. Achieved Roles 12. Stanford, Zambardo Prison Study 13. Destructive Roles 14. Groups: Cohesion and Cohesive Groups 15. Status 16. Norms 17. Proxemics: 4 Zones Part 2 Friday 18. Social Perception 19. Attributional Theory: External/Internal 20. Situational Demands 21. Actor-Observer Bias 22. Group Membership and Need for Affiliation 23. Upward and Downward Comparison 24. Factors that Influence Attraction 25. Love and attachment: Secure, Avoidant, Ambivalent 26. Types of Social Influence 27. Conformity 28. Solmon Asch Experiment= “Group Think” 29. Group Sanctions 30. 5 types of Social Power 31. Obedience 32. Milgram Study- electric shock 33. Compliance and Sales 34. Passive Compliance 35. Assertiveness Chapter 19 Attitudes, Culture, and Human Relations 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What are attitudes? How are attitudes formed? Group membership = affiliation with others Attitude Formation Group pressures= conformity Measure of Attitudes a. Open interviews b. Social Distance scales 7. Attitude Change a. Reference Group b. Newcomb Study 8. Definition and elements of Persuasion 9. Making choices and Cognitive dissonance Theory 10. Justification 11. Forced Attitude Change: What is the process? 12. Cults how do they work? 13. Jones Town 14. What are Prejudice and discrimination and how are they developed? 15. Authoritarian Personality 16. Inter-group Conflict 17. Social Stereotypes 18. Prejudice Experiment a. What is integration and how does equal status contact attempt to change prejudice? b. Why would mutual interdependence work? 19. Aggression and explanations for aggression 20. Bandura Study “BOBO” 21. Frustration Aggression Hypothesis 22. Aversive Stimuli 23. By-stander Apathy-Kitty Genovese 24. The Decision Tree 25. How does TV impact violence? 26. School Violence Warning Signs (List) 27. How can we devictimize ourselves? How your behavior is influenced by that of others and how their behavior is influenced by yours… The Study of Human interaction including: Romantic relationships Group behavior Prejudices Discrimination Aggression Very relevant to personal lives Great number of landmark studies New insights into extreme social behavior Theories and discoveries Ethics discussions Dr. Phil Zimbardo (Roles) A Prison by Any Other Name… (1972) Democracy Now online video of Zimbardo… Psychological effects of spending time in prison Prisoners Prison Guards Q: Does prison change people or were the people in the prison system already different going in? Q: What happens to normal people who are placed into a situation that exerts great power over individuals? Theoretical Propositions: Environment around you- the situation often determines how you behave more than you internal/dispositional nature. Situations can make us overcome our general tendencies. Tested the impact of situational forces- Randomly assigned the prisoners and guards Analyzed: Behavior Emotional Attitudes toward self Coping Adaptation Reactions Method: Simulate real prison experiences (ex-con consultant) Planned for 2 week study Cells, solitary confinement, yard Supervision cameras Participants: Paid Informed consent “violations of civil rights, privacy, minimal food” Screened for mental disorders etc 24 participants Random selection to group of prisoner or guards No instructions Procedure Goal To: Observe, record, analyze behavior Will the situation override the basic personality and behavioral tendency of the participant? People arrested, placed in cell… Prisoners rendered as prisoners (humiliation, repression, entrapment) with, cap (simulated head shave), chained ankle, stripped, delousing, number used for name, uniform… Stayed in custody 24 hours/day The Guards 8 hour shifts Sunglasses No training Just instructed to keep order Results Roles took over They lost themselves in the roles they played (they became their role) Quote from Zimbardo “ …. Values were suspended, self-concepts were challenged and the ugliest most base, pathological side of human nature surfaced… guards treated others as despicable animals, taking pleasure in cruelty, while other boys became servile, (prisoners) dehumanized robots who thought only of escape…” Severe emotional reactions of prisoners resulted- depressed dejected, stopped eating Some of the guards “took to tormenting the prisoners, apparently enjoying the power of their positions. Some tried to be decent but never intervened with more abusive guards… Milgram Study http://www.in.com/videos/watchvideo-the-milgram-experiment-2556563.html “Obey at Any Cost” (1963) Milgram, S. Behavioral study of obedience (Yale) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. How did Milgram test the power of obedience to authority? Why do people obey authority? (Diffusion of responsibility) To what extent people obey authority? (proxemics?) What are people willing to do if authoritatively reinforced? How reliable was Milgram’s study? How did Milgram use science to identify a connection between obedience and changes in behavior? (scientific method, used study techniques, replicable, single blind study, statistically significant segment) 7. What are the implications of Milgram and Zimbardo’s research? 8. How does Milgram and Zimbardo’s findings impact ethical considerations to psychological research? (Use of Deception, emotional trauma on participants) Milgram wanted to find out “How are people capable of carrying out great harm to others simply because they were ordered to do so?” (WWII) Identified situational considerations of the need to obey that impact morals, ethics, and sympathy… (One person – ordered another person to hurt a third person) Theoretical Considerations: “Humans have a tendency to obey people who are in a position of authority… even to the point of inflicting pain on a victim if ordered to by a powerful authority figures.” Method: Shock machine labeled “Slight shock- Moderate Shock- Danger Severe Shock” Starting at 30 volts increasing 15 volt intervals- to 450 volts (110volts is household electrical current and can kill you) 40 males between 20-50 years old Workers, white collar, and professionals Memory and learning study pretext Paid, money was theirs to keep no matter what happened Not to be coerced by money Could leave at any time “Teacher” (the subject of the study) “Experimenter” – actor who played the role as authority figure. “Learner” And Confederate (person who was playing the role of respondent) Subjects were told the experiment was to “study the effect of punishment on learning” Learner strapped to a chair with electrodes Memory task to match words Shock was administered for each incorrect answer The Teacher was instructed to repeatedly shock the learner… The learner repeatedly responded with cries of pain and then silence… the Teacher was instructed to continue shocks. The teacher thought they were administering real shocks. The teacher turned to experimenter for guidance on whether to continue. Experimenter- responded with orders to continue“Please continue” “The experiment requires that you continue” “It is absolutely essential that you continue” “You have no other choice: you must go on.” Each participant could be scored on their level of obedience the number of shocks they delivered which was 0 to 30. All the way to 30 = Obedient subjects Any lower than 30 = Defiant subjects Results At 330 volts – intense shocks were initiated- Learner banged on the wall 5 people quit 14 quit early- “Defiant subjects” 26 or 65% participants went all the way to 450 volts, “Obedient Subjects” Exhibited extreme stress and concern for the man receiving the shock… After the experiment the participant had a “Debrief” to know the real purpose and alleviate the possible psycho damage. Discussion Two main points1. Strength of tendency to obey. The situation created the force of authority… the atmosphere of obedience 2. There was an extreme tension and anxiety was created. Why did they OBEY? Yale sponsor- “Who am I to question.” Goals are important, “I’ll do my part.” “The learner volunteered.” “I got this part by chance.” “I better do a good job I was paid.” I’ll yield to the psychologist he knows better. Shocks are not dangerous but painful. Significance of Findings Replicated findings with women and unpaid college students. Details related to findings- distance closer to “victim” resulted in less obedience Farther away from victim = more obedience to inflict pain Closer to the Authority Figure = more obedience When people had a choice about the level of shock they only used number 2. Criticism Ethical- too much stress was created for participants Lasting negative effects are possible Example of power of obedience: Himmler speech http://www.holocaust-history.org/himmler-poznan/