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Chapter 3: Section 1: Mendel’s Work Gregor Mendel A priest who studied the physical features of __________ ____________. Traits – Heredity – Genetics – Mendel’s Peas Pea plants have many traits that exist in only ________ forms. o Example: Pea plants produce a large amount of __________ in one __________. For these reasons it is possible to collect large amounts of __________. Mendel’s Experiment First he decided to cross plants with __________ __________. Each plant needed to be a __________. Purebred – He called his purebred plants the __________ __________ or ______ __________. He called the 1st set of offspring from the P Generation the __________ __________ __________ or ______ __________. Filial means “________” in __________. P Generation - ___ Tall __________& ___ Short __________ F1 Generation - _____% Tall F2 Generation - _____% Tall & _____% Short Other Traits He studied ___ other __________. o 1) 2) o 3) 4) o 5) 6) 1 Dominant & Recessive Alleles Mendel reasoned that individuals carry ________ factors for each __________, but only pass down _______. Mendel also concluded that ______ factor is __________ over the other. Genes – Alleles – Some alleles are __________ while others are __________. Dominant Allele – Recessive Allele – In pea plants, the allele for ______ plants is __________ & the allele for ______ plants is __________. This is why Mendel’s _____ __________ were all _____ plants. Understanding Mendel’s Crosses All were _____ plants, but contained both a __________ & __________ __________. Hybrid – Using Symbols in Genetics __________________ __________ are represented with capital letters. o Example: __________________ __________ are represented with a lowercase version of the same letter. o Example: A ______, _____________ plant would have its two alleles represented with the letters ________. A ______, _____________ plant would have its two alleles represented with the letters ________. A ______, ____________ plant would have its two alleles represented with the letters ________. 2 Chapter 3: Section 2: Probability & Traits Probability The __________ that a particular __________ will __________. o Example: flipping a __________ o ______% chance it will land __________ ________. o ______% chance it will land __________ ________. Principles of Probability __________ what is likely to __________, not what will __________. The more an event occurs, the __________ the __________ will be to the __________. The __________ of one __________ doesn’t affect the __________ of the next __________. __________ remains the same for each new __________. Mendel and Probability __________ was the first person to recognize the importance of __________ to predict the results of __________ __________. Punnett Squares A __________ that shows all the __________ __________ of __________ that can result from a __________ __________. _______________ use Punnett squares to show all the possible outcomes of a genetic cross and determine the __________ of a __________ __________. Using Punnett Squares The allele passed on by a parent is passed on by __________. Each parent has ________ alleles and will only pass on ________. The result between ________ parents are ________ possible combinations. 3 Predicting Probability If a genetic combination has a _____ in 4 chance, its __________ of occurring is ______%. Phenotypes & Genotypes Phenotype – Genotype – o Homozygous – o Heterozygous – Codominance - aka Incomplete dominance The alleles for a particular __________ are neither __________ nor __________. As a result __________ __________ are __________ in the __________. Symbols When a ______________ situation occurs you express the trait being affected with a __________ letter. o Example: Next, you express the trait’s _____________ with a ____________ _____________ letter. o Example: o Example: Then you _____________ the two to express the trait. o Example: o Example: 4 Chapter 3: Section 3: Meiosis 2 kinds of reproduction Asexual Reproduction Only 1 _____________ cell is needed Parent divides by ________________ Daughter cells are __________ __________ copies of parent cell Most cells in ___________________ and most single celled organisms reproduce this way Sexual Reproduction 2 parent cells join together to form ______________ that are different from both parents Parent cells are called _______ ____________ Chromosomes that are similar are _________________ chromosomes Humans have _____ _________ of homologous chromosomes (______ total chromosomes) Sex cells have only _______ of the homologous chromosomes Meiosis Sex cells are created during __________________ Meiosis creates cells with ______ the total chromosomes for the Genes organism For example, a human _____ cell has 23 chromosomes and a human _________ cell has 23 chromosomes. Together they form a human with 23 _________________ chromosomes (46 total chromosomes) & Chromosomes _____________ _____________ observed sperm cells in grasshoppers He knew of Mendel’s work and ______ ratio in 2nd generation offspring He knew eggs and sperm were different He knew chromosomes were in the _________________ Meiosis He proposed – Steps – Part 1 Interphase – Mitosis 1 o Prophase 1 – nucleus ______________, homologous chromosomes form ______ _________ structures & pair up o Metaphase 1 - homologous chromosome pairs line up along __________ 5 o Anaphase 1 – homologous chromosomes ______________ and move to ___________ o Telophase 1 – Cytokinesis 1 – cell divides into _____ _______ cells Meiosis Steps – Part 2 Mitosis 2 o Prophase 2 – ________________ in both cells dissolves o Metaphase 2 – __________________ line up along equator o Anaphase 2 – chromatids pulled to __________ o Telophase 2 – nucleus ______________ Cytokinesis 2 – both cells divide to form a total of _______ cells Sex Chromosomes Sex chromosomes carry _______ that determines sex - male and female In humans, females have ______ _____ chromosomes, males have ____ ______ and ______ ______ chromosome During ___________ meiosis each ______ cell gets an X chromosome During male meiosis each sperm gets an ____ or a _____ chromosome Sex Linked Disorders X and Y chromosomes do not have exactly the ______ ______ on them Some _________ ___________ are carried only on the ___ chromosome They are ___________________ (need 2 recessive alleles or genes) Examples include colorblindness and hemophilia ____________ have a backup (or ___________ gene) for a recessive gene in the 2nd X chromosome _______ only have 1 X chromosome, so they are more likely to have _____ _____________ disorders Genetic Counseling Genetic _______________ can be traced through family _________ A ____________ is a diagram of a family tree that traces certain traits Pedigrees can predict if a person is a ____________ (1 recessive gene) or has the genetic disorder (_____ _____________ genes) Selective Breeding Organisms with _______________ characteristics and traits are mated Occurs in both plants and animals _________ are extensively selectively bred for specific purposes Plants are selectively bred to withstand _____________, __________, ____________, produce fruit with few seeds, etc Animals are selectively bred for ______ or ____________ (milk or eggs) 6