Download Marine Mammal Dive Response

Standardized Test Prep Connections:
Biology MCAS Released Questions by Massachusetts Department of Education
http://www.doe.mass.edu/mcas/2013/release/feb-ghsbio.pdf
http://www.doe.mass.edu/mcas/2015/release/feb-ghsbio.pdf
2013
A boy jumps into a cold swimming pool, and his body temperature goes down. His muscles, blood vessels, and
nervous system work together to restore his body temperature. Which term best describes this process?
A. homeostasis
B. hypothermia
C. reflex
D. respiration
Some cell types contain thousands of mitochondria. These cells are likely to use large amounts of which of the
following?
A. ATP
B. carbon dioxide
C. DNA
D. nitrogen
In the first step of glycolysis, glucose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate. Which of the following supplies the
energy for the reaction?
A. ATP
B. RNA
C. oxygen
D. hydrogen
Cellular respiration involves a series of chemical reactions. Which of the following is a primary way that
enzymes affect these reactions?
A. They decrease the pH of the products.
B. They increase the rate of the reactions.
C. They take the place of oxygen as a reactant.
D. They change the location of the reactions in the cell.
©2016 New England Aquarium
Mammalian Dive Response Laboratory Investigation | Page 1
2015
A mitochondrion has two membranes. The inner membrane is highly folded, which greatly increase the
membrane’s surface area. This improves the ability of the mitochondrion to do which of the following?
A. move the cell through water
B. digest metabolic wastes in the organelle
C. convert solar energy to chemical energy
D. produce ATP during cellular respiration
If a person is constantly feeling weak and has low energy levels, a doctor may test the blood for lactate. High
lactate levels may indicate that the person’s body is breaking down glucose by fermentation instead of by
aerobic respiration. The diagram below represents the process of fermentation.
Based on the diagram, which of the following statements best explains why an increase in fermentation and a
decrease in aerobic respiration might cause a person to feel weak and have low energy levels?
A. Less ATP is being produced.
B. Less pyruvate is being produced.
C. The amount of lactate available as a product is limited.
D. The amount of glucose available as a reactant is limited.
Cytochrome c is a protein needed for aerobic cellular respiration. It is found in nearly all organisms. The amino
acid sequence of cytochrome c can be different in different organisms. The table below shows the number of
differences observed when the amino acid sequences of cytochrome c in different organisms are compared.
Organisms
Number of Differences
between Amino Acid Sequences
horses and whales
5
chickens and snakes
18
silk moths and snakes
29
whales and penguins
10
Which of the following conclusions is best supported by this data?
A. Snakes are more closely related to silk moths than to chickens.
B. Chickens and snakes evolved more recently than horses or whales.
C. Whales and penguins evolved more recently than any of the other organisms.
D. Horses and whales are more closely related to each other than the other pairs of organisms are.
AP BIOLOGY TEST PREP
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Mammalian Dive Response Laboratory Investigation | Page 2
Questions http://schoolbag.info/biology/ap_biology/109.html
Answers http://schoolbag.info/biology/ap_biology/110.html
The Krebs cycle in humans occurs in the
A. cytoplasm
B. mitochondrial matrix
C. inner mitochondrial membrane
D. outer mitochondrial membrane
E. intermembrane space
The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. Don’t forget to review the site of each stage of aerobic
respiration. (A), Glycolysis, the first step in aerobic respiration, occurs in the cytoplasm. (C), The electron
transport chain occurs along the inner mitochondrial membrane. (E), Oxidative phosphorylation occurs as
protons (H+ions) move from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix.
A scientist studies the storage and distribution of oxygen in humans and Weddell seals to examine the
physiological adaptations that permit seals to descend to great depths and stay submerged for extended
periods. The figure below depicts the oxygen storage in both organisms.
Compared with humans, approximately how many liters of oxygen does the Weddell seal store per kilogram
of body weight?
A. The same amount of oxygen
B. Twice the amount of oxygen
C. Three times the amount of oxygen
D. Five times the amount of oxygen
E. Thirteen times the amount of oxygen
The Weddell seal stores twice as much oxygen as humans. Calculate the liters per kilograms weight for both the
seal and man using the information at the bottom of the chart. The Weddell seal stores 0.058 liters/kilograms
(25.9 liters/450 kilograms) compared to 0.028 liters/kilograms (1.95 liters/70 kilograms) in humans.
©2016 New England Aquarium
Mammalian Dive Response Laboratory Investigation | Page 3
During a dive, a Weddell seal’s blood flow to the abdominal organs is shut off and oxygen-rich blood is diverted
to the eyes, brain, and spinal cord. Which of the following is the most likely reason for this adaptation?
A. To increase the number of red blood cells in the nervous system
B. To increase the amount of oxygen reaching the skeletomuscular system
C. To increase the amount of oxygen reaching the central nervous system
D. To increase the oxygen concentration in the lungs
E. To decrease the extreme pressure on the diving seal
The most plausible answer is that blood is redirected toward the central nervous system, which permits the seal
to navigate for long durations. (A), The seal does not need to increase the number of red blood cells in the
nervous system. (B), The seal does not need to increase the amount of oxygen to the skeletal system. (D), The
diversion of blood does not increase the concentration of oxygen in the lungs. (E), The seal does not decrease
pressure on itself if it diverts blood to the eyes, brain, and spinal cord.
Discuss the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, and oxidative phosphorylation.
1. Explain why these steps are considered aerobic processes.
2. Discuss the location at which each stage occurs.
3. Discuss the role of NADH and FADH2 in aerobic respiration.
1. Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation as aerobic processes
—2 points maximum
They require oxygen
They cannot occur under anaerobic conditions
2. Site of each step—3 points maximum
Stage
Site
Krebs cycle
Mitochondrial matrix
Electron transport chain
Along the inner mitochondrial membrane
Oxidative phosphorylation
As hydrogens move from the intermembrane space to the
mitochondrial matrix
3. Role of NADH and FADH2 in aerobic respiration—5 points maximum
NADH and FADH2 are electron/hydrogen ion carriers
Coenzymes NAD+ and FAD+ accept electrons (and hydrogen) to form NADH and FADH2
NADH and FADH2 shuttle electrons to the electron transport chain
The hydrogens dissociate into hydrogen ions and electrons
The electrons are passed down the electron transport chain to form water
The hydrogen ions are pumped out into the intermembrane space and cross back to produce ATP
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Mammalian Dive Response Laboratory Investigation | Page 4
ESSAY
1. The Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, and oxidative phosphorylation are all part of aerobic respiration.
During aerobic respiration, glucose is completely converted to CO2, ATP, and water. These steps are
considered aerobic processes because they cannot occur under anaerobic conditions; they require oxygen.
Glycolysis, on the other hand, can occur under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
2. These three stages of aerobic respiration occur in different parts of the mitochondria. The Krebs cycle occurs
in the mitochondrial matrix. Two acetyl CoA enter the Krebs cycle and produce NADH, FADH2, ATP, and CO2.
The products of the Krebs cycle (NADH and FADH2) are sent to the electron transport chain. The electron
transport chain occurs along the inner mitochondrial membrane. The final stage of aerobic respiration—
oxidative phosphorylation—occurs as hydrogens move across from the intermembrane space to the
mitochondrial matrix.
3. NADH and FADH2 are hydrogen ion and electron carriers. When the coenzymes NAD+ and FAD+ accept
hydrogens, they form NADH and FADH2. NADH and FADH2 shuttle the hydrogens to the electron transport
chain, which have the potential to make a lot of ATP. Once the carriers drop off the hydrogens at the electron
transport chain, the hydrogens dissociate into hydrogen ions and electrons. The electrons are sent down the
electron transport chain and eventually make water. Meanwhile, the hydrogen ions are pumped out into the
intermembrane space. When they cross back into the mitochondrial matrix, they produce ATP.
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Mammalian Dive Response Laboratory Investigation | Page 5