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Patterns of Evolution Standards and Essential Question Standard O SZ2b. Explain the concepts evolution, adaptation, natural selection, convergence, and speciation. Essential Question O Has evolution really taken place? I will be able to… O Explain the four major patterns of evolution O Differentiate between punctuated equilibrium and gradualism O Differentiate between Microevolution and Macroevolution Microevolution O Change in the frequency of alleles in populations over time. O Over a long period of time microevolution results in large-scale changes. Macroevolution O Large-scale changes that result in extinction and the formation of new species. O Difficult to observe in progress due to the change over the geological time scale. Adaptive Radiation O Also known as divergent evolution O Is when one species gives rise to many different species. O Occurs in a relatively short time span. O Usually occurs in response to the creation of a new habitat. Coevolution O When the relationship between two species is extremely close, the evolution of one species affects the evolution of the other species. O One species can evolve a parasitic dependency on another species. O Also known as coevolutionary arms race. Coevolution Convergent evolution O Unrelated species evolve similar traits even though they live in different parts of the world. O This may be due to the organisms inhabiting similar niches. O When organisms inhabit similar niches they usually evolve similarities in morphology, physiology, and behavior. Convergent Evolution Rate of Speciation Gradualism O The belief that evolution occurs in small, gradual steps over time. Punctuated Equilibrium O Rapid spurts of genetic change that cause a species to diverge quickly. O These periods punctuate much longer periods when the species exhibit little change. Rate of Speciation Gradualism Punctuated Equilibrium