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المملكة العربية السعودية جامعة امللك سعود كلية العلوم قسم الكيمياء احليوية -Choose the correct answer: 1- What kind of connective tissue acts as a sponge a- Areolar b- Adipose c- Reticular d- Vascular 2- Which of the following would you expect to find in or on cells whose main function is absorption: a- Microvilli b- Cilia c- Gap junctions d- Secretory vesicles 3- In which of the following tissue types might find macrophages a- epithelia tissue b- connective tissue c- muscular tissue 4- What type of connective tissue prevents muscles from pulling away from bones during contraction? a- Dense connective b- Areolar c- Elastic connective d- Hyaline cartilage 5- Which of the following terms does not describe connective tissue? a- connecting b- transport fluids c- producing heat d- storing energy 6- What is the organ that has abundant elastin in its structure? a- Muscle b- Lung c- bone d- nose 7- To what kind of tissues belong the skeletal system a- Muscular b- connective d- epithelial d- Nervous 8- Which of the following terms describes connective tissue? a- bone b- extracellular matrix c- lymphocytes d- simple columnar 9- Fibroblasts, Macrophages, adipocytes, melanocytes, mast cells exist in: a- connective tissue proper b- dense connective tissue c- epithelia tissue 10- Which of the following proteins contain 30% glycine, and 30% Pro + HyPro a- Collagen b- Keratin c- Elastin d- Actin 11- Which of the following proteins contain larger amount of cystein a- Collagen b- -Keratin c- Elastin d- fibroin 12- Which of the following proteins contain the repeat [Gly-Ala-Gly-Ala-Gly-Ser-Gly-Ala-AlaGly-(Ser-Gly-Ala-Gly-Ala-Gly)8] a- Collagen b- Keratin c- Elastin d- fibroin Prepared by Dr. Farid Sh. Ataya http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/75112 المملكة العربية السعودية جامعة امللك سعود كلية العلوم قسم الكيمياء احليوية 13- Which of the following proteins contain 30% glycine, and 30% Ala+Val but no HyPro a- Collagen b- Keratin c- Elastin d- fibroin 14- Which of the following proteins has unique triple helix structure a- Collagen b- Keratin c- Elastin d- fibroin 15- Connective tissue proper does not contain 16- a- collagen fibers b- cartilage 17- Bone contains a- osteocytes b- adipocytes c- reticular fibers c- collagen fibers d- elastic fibers d- epithelial cell 18- Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is important for formation of: a- praline b- hydroxyproline only c- hydroxylysine only 19- Collagen exists in a- extracellular matrix b- cytoplasm 20- -Keratin is predominant in a- hair b- silk 21- Dentin a- Covers root of tooth c- makes up anatomic crown 22- Spongy bones exist in a- External ear b- c- fluid connective tissue d- (b and c) c- dentin d- pulp c cartilage d- lymph b- made up of blood vessels and nerves d- makes up bulk of tooth b- Skull d- non of the above 23- Simple cuboidal epithelia a- found in ovary, renal medulla c- found in blood vessels and kidney tubules b- exchange simple gases d- has disc shaped nucleus 24- Simple columnar epithelia a- is composed of several lauers c- has a nucleus near basement membrane b- found in mouth and eosophagus d- protects against abrasion in moist area 25- An epithelium “built” to withstand friction is: a- Simple squamous b- Stratified squamous c- simple columnar d- Psuedostratified 26- Which of the following may act as glue in the epithelial tissue a- actin b- occluding c- fibrin d- connexon 27- The muscle that might contain more gap junctions is a- Cardiac muscle b- Bone c- Skeletal muscles Prepared by Dr. Farid Sh. Ataya d- Smooth muscles http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/75112 المملكة العربية السعودية جامعة امللك سعود كلية العلوم قسم الكيمياء احليوية 28- A mononucleated branched cell with connexones is found in a- skeletal muscle b- fibrous tissue c- cardiac muscle d- smooth muscle 29- A long-multinucleated- striated cell is found in a- skeletal muscle b- fibrous tissue c- cardiac muscle d- smooth muscle 30- A spindle shaped-mononucleted without striation cell is found in a- skeletal muscle b- fibrous tissue c- cardiac muscle d- smooth muscle 31- Which of the following terms does not describe cardiac muscles? a- Multinucleted b- Intercalated discs c- Involuntary d- Branched 32- Which of the following terms does not describe muscle tissue? a- covering b- producing heat c- maintaining posture d- movement 33- Myosin II a- has a long neck region b- has only one heavy chain c- Short coiled-coil region flowed by a globular domain at the end of its tail d- has two heavy chains, each with a globular motor domain 34- Cardiac muscles are a- short, fat and branched c- has no striation b- found in stomach and intestine d- is voluntary - Respond to the following statement by writing T (True) or F (False): 1- Bone growth can be regulated by sex hormones ( ) 2- Calcitonin increases renal excretion of calcium and phosphate ( ) ( ) 4- Enamel is incapable of remodeling and repair ( ) 5- Long bones found in ankle and the wrist ( ) 6- Vitamin K is important for protein synthesis in bone ( ) 7- Parathyroid hormone increases serum calcium level ( ) 8- Parathyroid hormone decreases renal excretion of phosphate ( ) 3- The pulp of the tooth contains connective tissue, which aids interchange between pulp and dentin 9- Cortitical bone has densely patched calcified intercellular matrix that Prepared by Dr. Farid Sh. Ataya http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/75112 المملكة العربية السعودية جامعة امللك سعود كلية العلوم قسم الكيمياء احليوية makes it more rigid than cancellous bone 10- Growth hormone increases intestinal absorption of calcium ( ) ( ) ( ) 11- The body stores both retinol and beta-carotene in the adipose tissue, drawing on this store whenever more vitamin A is needed. 12- Fluoroapatite is converted in acid medium to soluble hydroxyapatite ( ) 13- Hydroxyapatite is converted in acid medium to solid hydroxyapatite ( ) ( ) 14- Hydroxyapatite is converted in presence of fluoride medium to soluble hydroxyapatite - Answer the following questions: 1- What are the general structural characteristics of connective tissues? - All connective tissues share three basic components a. Specialized cells b. Extracellular protein fibers c. Fluid known as a ground substance 2- What are the functions of connective tissues? And how are their functions reflected in their structure? - Connective tissue has different functions like: a. Connect tissues b. Establish a structural framework c. Transport fluids and dissolved materials d. Protect delicate organs e. Store energy f. Defend the body from microorganisms 3- Name the most common fibers existing in connective tissues? a. Collagen b. Elastin c. Keratin d. Fibroin 4- Compare between connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue and supporting connective tissue (give example of each). - connective tissue proper: a. Contains varied cell populations Prepared by Dr. Farid Sh. Ataya http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/75112 المملكة العربية السعودية جامعة امللك سعود كلية العلوم قسم الكيمياء احليوية - - b. Contains various fiber types (loose or dense) c. A syrupy ground substance fluid connective tissue a. Contains a distinctive cell population b. Watery ground substance with dissolved proteins c. Two types, Blood and Lymph supporting connective tissue a. Less diverse cell population b. Dense ground substance c. Closely packed fibers d. Two types, Cartilage and Bone 5- Name six of the cell population of the connective tissue proper Fibroblast Mesenchymal cells Macrophages Microphages Adipocytes Melanocytes Lymphocytes Mast cells 6- Name the different types of cartilage and give examples, location and the function of each. There are three types of cartilages: 1- hyaline 2- elastic 3- fibrocartilage 7- What are the main features of the secondary structure of collagen? Collagen is formed from tropocollagen subunits. The triple helix in tropocollagen is highly extended and strong. Features: a. Collagen triple helix is formed from three separate polypeptide chains arranged as a lefthanded helix (note that a-helix is right-handed). b. 3.3 amino acid residues per turn c. Each chain forms hydrogen bonds with the other two to make it more strong The unusual amino acid composition of collagen is not favorable for alpha helices OR beta sheets But it is ideally suited for the collagen triple helix: three intertwined helical strands Prepared by Dr. Farid Sh. Ataya http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/75112 المملكة العربية السعودية جامعة امللك سعود كلية العلوم قسم الكيمياء احليوية It is much more extended than alpha helix, with a rise per residue of 2.9 A° There are long stretches of Gly-Pro-Pro/HyP 8- State the main steps in the biosynthesis of tropocollagen In the cytoplasm ,Syntheis of peptide chains in ribosomes and their transfer along the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER). Inside RER ,Peptide chains are sent into the lumen of the RER , Cleavage of signal peptides. Hydroxylation of Y- prolyl and some Y-lysyl . Glycosylation of specific hydroxy lysyl residues. Formation of intra and inter chain disulfide bonds. Formation of the helical structure starting from the C-terminal. Inside Golgi apparatus, procollagen is shipped to the Golgi apparatus ,where it is packaging and secretion of the procolagen. Outside the cell Cleavage of pro sequence . Formation of fibrils followed by fibers. Assembly of collagen fibers in quarter-staggered alignment. Collagen is attached to cell membranes via several types of protein ,including fibronectin and integrin . 9- Compare between collagen and elastin. Collagen Elastin Genetic types Shape of fiber Amino acid structure Presence of hydroxylysine glycosylation Types of crosslinkes Presence of extention during synthesis 10- Explain the role of PTH in bone formation. a. Increases intestinal absorption of calcium b. Increases intestinal absorption of Phosphate c. Decreases renal excretion of calcium d. Increases renal excretion of phosphate e. Increases bone resorption f. Decreases bone formation g. Promptly increases serum calcium levels h. Prevents increase in serum phosphate levels 11- Explain the role of calcitonin in bone formation. a. Increases renal excretion of calcium b. Increases renal excretion of phosphate Prepared by Dr. Farid Sh. Ataya http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/75112 المملكة العربية السعودية جامعة امللك سعود كلية العلوم قسم الكيمياء احليوية c. Decreases bone resorption d. Decreases serum calcium levels with pharmacologic doses e. Decreases serum phosphate levels with pharmacologic doses 12- What are the main functions of the epithelial tissue (give examples)? a. Protection (Against wear and tear, Keratin and mucous prevent drying) b. Absorption & filtration (Microvilli in kidney and intestine) c. Surface transport (Via cilia on cell surface) d. Secretion (all glands are epithelia) (Hormones. Digestive enzymes, mucus) e. Sensory reception 13- Name four criteria to classify epithelial tissues. a- Shape b- Number of layers c- Specialization d- Covering and lining vs. glandular 14- What are the main functions of the basement membrane in the epithelial tissue? a. Structural support via cell-matrix adhesions b. Allow nutrients and waste to diffuse c. Filter for macromolecules (Kidney) d. Zone for differentiation and polarization of cells. e. Plays a role in regeneration by acting as a “highway” for cell migration. 15- What are the three layers forming the basement membrane in the epithelial tissue? a) Top two from epithelia, also called basal lamina • Lamina rara (Lucida) • Lamina densa b) Lowest from connective tissue. • Reticular lamina (Lamina fibroreticularis) 16- Compare between the different intercellular junctions in epithelial tissue? Junction Fiber & glue Function ZO occludin Sealing ZA Actin, Cadherin Adhering MA Desmosome Keratin/ Actin, Integrin Adhering laterally Gap Connexon Communication Hemidesmosome Keratin, Integrin Adhering from the base Prepared by Dr. Farid Sh. Ataya http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/75112 المملكة العربية السعودية جامعة امللك سعود كلية العلوم قسم الكيمياء احليوية 17- How do epithelia cells join together? Name the different types of intercellular junctions in epithelial tissue? Types of intercellular junctions: a. Occluding junctions or Tight junction (form seals and are impermeable) b. Adhering junctions or desmosome junction (glue cells together and are associated with specific cytoskeletal elements) c. Communicating junctions or Gap junction 18- What are the functions of muscle tissue? 19- Name the types of muscle tissue and tell where each would be found in the body and the general difference in structure, tiredness and innervations? Prepared by Dr. Farid Sh. Ataya http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/75112