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Biology
End of Course Test Review
Cells
Assessment of this domain will focus on the relationship between form and function in all cells
1. relating common organelles to their functions. These organelles include, but are not limited
to:
a) mitochondrion
b) Golgi apparatus
c) vacuole
d) nucleus
e) ribosome
f) chloroplast
2. differentiating between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
3. comprehending the role of the cell membrane in maintaining a constant internal
environment
The property of the membrane that allows certain materials to pass through the cell while keeping others out
is called __________________ _______________
Polymer
Phospholipid
bilayer
Proteins
Carbohydrate
chains
Use
Additional Information
Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic portions
4. understanding the mechanisms (active and passive transport) required to maintain
homeostasis in unicellular and multicellular organisms
Active Transport
Passive Transport
With or against the
concentration gradient?
Examples:
5. determining chemical elements that are essential constituents of organic molecules
6. comparing the function of basic organic molecules in cells
7. determining the properties of basic biomolecules in living organisms
Polymer
Monomer
Examples/Uses
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
8. comprehending the lock and key action of enzymes in catalyzing biological reactions
All enzymes have 3 things in common:
1.
2.
3.
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering its ________________ ______________ ,which is
the energy required to start the reaction.
Know These:
Substrates:
Products:
Active Site:
1. Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells have
the capacity to
A assemble into multi-cellular organisms
B establish symbiotic relationships with other
organisms
C obtain energy from the Sun
D store genetic information in the form of DNA
6. The assembly of proteins in a cell takes place in
the
A nucleus
B vacuoles
C ribosomes
D mitochondria
2. Inside eukaryotic cells are membrane -bound
structures called
A cell walls
B cilia
C organelles
D cytoplasm
7. Which of the following is an organism whose
cell(s) lack(s) membrane-bound organelles?
A nucleolus
B chromatin
C eukaryote
D prokaryote
3. The function of the cell organelle circled below
is to produce energy.
8. In all reptiles, birds, and mammals, the
processes of excretion, water and salt balance,
and the regulation of pH in body fluids are
controlled by the kidneys. This is an example of
the organism maintaining
A reabsorption
B homeostasis
C insulation
D hibernation
What is the name of this
organelle?
A Gogli apparatus
B mitochondrion
C nucleus
D ribosome
4. Which of the following examples illustrates
osmosis?
A Water leaves the tubules of the kidney in response to
the hypertonic fluid surrounding the tubules.
B Digestive enzymes are excreted into the small
intestine.
C White blood cells consume pathogens and cell debris
at the site of an infection.
D Calcium is pumped inside a muscle cell after the
muscle completes its contraction.
5. Food is commonly refrigerated at temperatures
2°C to 7°C to slow the rate of spoilage by
bacteria. Which of the following best explains
why refrigeration at these temperatures slows
the spoilage of food?
A Bacteria that cause food spoilage are killed by these
low temperatures.
B Bacteria that cause food spoilage multiply rapidly at
these temperatures.
C The enzymes in bacteria that cause food spoilage are
not active at these temperatures.
D The enzymes in bacteria that cause food spoilage are
denatured at these temperatures.
9. Proteins are long chains or polymers made up
of
A nucleotides
B carbohydrates
C amino acids
D lipids
10. Which of the following molecules provides the
greatest amount of energy per gram of mass
when metabolized?
A carbohydrate
B nucleic acid
C protein
D lipid
11. Which of the following environmental changes
can cause an increase in the rates of chemical
reactions in cells?
A increased temperature
B decreased enzyme concentrations
C increased activation energy requirement
D decreased diffusion rates
Biology
End of Course Test Review
Organisms
Assessment of this domain will focus on the following:
1. energy is needed by all organisms to carry out processes within the cell
a) understanding how organisms obtain the energy needed to sustain life
Know these:
Autotrophs:
Heterotrophs:
b) analyzing the processes of energy transformation and conversion within
types of organisms, such as plants and animals.
Photosynthesis:
Light Energy
6_________ + 6_________
________________ + 6_________
Light Reactions or light-dependant reactions take place in the ____________ ___________ of the
chloroplast. The reactants of the light reactions are _____________ and ________________. They give off
__________________ to the atmosphere and provide the dark reactions with an energy source and a
hydrogen atom.
The Dark Reactions or light-independent reactions are also called the ________________ __________.
They take place in the _____________ of the chloroplast and create a _________________ molecule by
combining hydrogen from the light reactions and _________________ from the atmosphere.
Aerobic Respiration:
______________ + 6_________
6_________ + 6_________ + 36 ATP
Glycolysis takes place in the ___________________ of the cell. It sends pyruvate into the mitochondria to
be used in the Krebs Cycle and it creates a net gain of energy of ______ ATP.
The Krebs Cycle uses the pyruvate from Glycolysis to move high energy electrons to the electron transport
chain. This process creates ________________ _______________ which diffuses out of the cell and ____
ATP molecules.
The Electron Transport Chain uses the high energy electrons from the Krebs cycle and oxygen to create
______ ATP molecules and 6 molecules of _______________ per glucose molecule.
c) explaining how matter and energy are recycled through ecosystems
In an ecosystem, energy is not recycled. It flows from the ____________ to the _______________, to the
________________ and finally to the ___________________.
Nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and water are recycled in an ecosystem. You should know what
these nutrient cycles look like/the steps involved in the cycles.
d) comparing the complexity of organisms to their method of obtaining energy
e) determining how energy is stored and released from the ATP-ADP cycle
ATP
ADP
2. modern Linnean classification systems are composed of six kingdoms
a) understanding the binomial nomenclature system of organism classification
Kingdom
Species
Scientific name for individual organisms
b) comprehending how scientific discovery leads to the addition of classification
groups
c) associating similar organisms by their classification
Archeabacteria
Eubacteria
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals
Cell Type
Prokaryote
Unicelluar /
Multicellular
Unicellular
Heterotroph/
Autotroph
Can be both
1. In glycolysis, the first stage of cellular
respiration, ATP molecules are produced.
What is the net gain of ATP molecules (per
molecule of glucose) from glycolysis?
A1
B2
C4
D 36
4. A group of prokaryotes that live in extreme
environments are the
A viruses
B protests
C eubacteria
D archaebacteria
2. One main difference between members of the
Kingdoms Plantae and Animalia is the ability to
5. The complexity of body systems differs greatly
among organisms. Which of the following
organisms has developed organ systems for
obtaining and utilizing energy?
A obtain energy
B reproduce
C move
D exchange gases
A bacterium
B mushroom
C mouse
D virus
3. The function of chlorophyll in a light reaction is
to
6. Scientists have discovered a new species of
animal. Which would provide the best basis for
classifying this new species?
A bind CO2 to H2O
B split to produce O2
C trap light energy
D act as a source of CO2
A DNA comparison
B diet of animal
C habitat of animal
D appearance of animal
7. Which statement is true about viruses?
A They can reproduce.
B They are autotrophs.
C They contain organelles.
D They are living organisms.
Biology
End of Course Test Review
Genetics
Assessment of this domain will focus on the following:
1. DNA and RNA are two molecules essential for the transmission of genetic information
a) comprehending the role of DNA in cellular replication prior to mitosis
b) understanding the roles of DNA and RNA during meiosis
DNA & RNA
Similarities : DNA and RNA are nucleic acids, both are required for manufacturing proteins in the cell, they
are made up of strings of nucleotides.
Differences : DNA’s shape is described as a _______________ _____________ and it cannot leave the
nucleus of the cell. RNA is __________________-stranded and leaves the nucleus. The 4 nitrogen bases
found in DNA are ________________, _________________, _________________ & _________________.
RNA also has 4 nitrogen bases, however, instead of ________________ RNA contains ________________
Nucleotide
Base Pairing Rules
Thymine (only DNA)
Uricil (only RNA)
Guanine
Cytosine
Adenine
Phosphate Group
Nitrogen Base
5-Carbon Sugar
Know how proteins are made in the cell
Describe the following two cellular processes. Be sure to include the following key terms.
Key Terms – Helicase, RNA polymerase, mRNA, tRNA, Codon, Anticodon, Amino Acids
Ribosome, polypeptide.
Transcription -
Translation -
Mitosis creates ______ diploid daughter cells that are ____________________to each other and to the
parent.
Steps of mitotic division:
Prophase
X X
XX
*X *
Description of events:
Description of events:
Description of events:
Description of events:
See Meiosis on the next Page
2. the laws of genetics, put forth by Mendel, can be used to explain genetic variability
a) analyzing the effects of the law of independent assortment on genetic crosses
b) applying the concepts within the law of segregation to genetic crosses
c) predicting the genotypic and phenotypic outcome of genetic crosses (law of dominant and
recessive traits)
T - Tall
t - short
A pea plant that is heterozygous for the tall trait is crossed with a short pea plant. Complete the punnett
square for this cross and answer the questions that follow.
A genotype is:
A phenotype is:
What is the phenotypic ratio for this cross? _______________________
What is the genotypic ratio for this cross? _______________________
d) evaluating the role of each of these laws throughout the process of meiosis
Meiosis creates ______ haploid daughter cells that are ____________________to each other and to the
parent.
Steps of meiotic division:
Prophase I
XX
XX
*
*
Description of events:
Description of events:
Description of events:
Description of events:
Description of events:
Description of events:
Description of events:
X
X
*
*
Description of events:
3. alteration to the genetic material of germ cells can result in variation beyond that explained
by Mendelian genetics
a) evaluating the role of genetic variation in successive generations
b) analyzing the possible alterations that can occur during meiosis:
Describe the following types of mutations:
– Insertion:
–
Deletion:
–
Substitution:
–
Nondisjuction:
c) describe mutagenic factors found in the environment
4. sexual reproduction results in genetic variation; asexual reproduction results in offspring
identical to their parents
5. DNA technology is changing modern industries
a) evaluating the results of DNA comparisons in forensic sciences
b) justifying the use of gene therapy in medicine
c) predicting the effect of recombinant DNA on agricultural sciences
1. Information on mRNA is used to make a
sequence of amino acids into a protein by which
of the following processes?
A replication
B translation
C transcription
D transference
2. When an organism has two different alleles for
a trait, it is said to be
A recessive
B dominant
C homozygous
D heterozygous
6. A type of mutation that can alter DNA by the
loss of a nucleotide base is known as
A substitution
B crossing over
C deletion
D insertion
7. In Mendel’s experiments with a single trait, the
trait that disappeared in the first generation
and reappeared in the next generation is called
the
A homozygous trait
B dominant trait
C recessive trait
D heterozygous trait
3. What is a source of genetic variation?
A adaptation
B mutation
C respiration
D transpiration
4. Why is it important for the cells of multicellular organisms to undergo mitosis?
A Mitosis allows for reproduction with male and
female gametes.
B Mitosis increases variation within an organism.
C Mitosis produces cells that are different from
the original dividing cell.
D Mitosis produces identical cells to the original
dividing cell.
5. Which of the following is the correct basepairing rule for DNA?
A A-U; C-G
B A-G; T-C
C A-T; G-C
D A-C; T-G
8. DNA in an individual’s gametes will most likely
be altered before being passed to offspring if
exposed to
A x-rays
B loud sounds
C magnetic fields
D extreme temperatures
9. Genetic engineering techniques have been used
to produce all of the following effects except
A grow salt-tolerant crop plants
B decrease harvesting time
C make crop plants resistant to disease
D decrease soil nitrogen levels
10. In fruit flies, the gray body color (G) is
dominant to the ebony body color (g). What is
the genotypic ratio of the offspring of a
heterozygous gray female and an ebony male?
A 25% Gg, 75% gg
B 50% Gg, 50% gg
C 75% gray, 25% ebony
D 100% gray
Biology
End of Course Test Review
Ecology
Assessment of this domain will focus on the following:
1. understanding the relationship of the individual to a population, a community, an ecosystem
and a biome
Biotic factors are:
Abiotic factors are:
Primary Succession is:
Secondary Succession is:
Category
Biosphere
Definition
Biome
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Individual Organism
Population growth rates:
Name and describe these two types of population growth
What are the definitions and examples of density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors?
Density dependent
Density independent
Know the basic biotic and abiotic factors for each of the following biomes:
Tundra
Tropical Rain Forest
Desert
Grassland
Taiga
Temperate Deciduous Forest
Freshwater
Brackish water/intertidal
Saltwater
2. assessing the flow of energy through an ecosystem and required components of a
successful environment
a) food chains
b) food webs
c) energy pyramids
d) nutrient cycling
In an ecosystem, energy is not recycled. It flows from the ____________ to the _______________, to the
________________ and finally to the ___________________.
Nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and water are recycled in an ecosystem. You should know what
these nutrient cycles look like/the steps involved in the cycles.
3. explaining the negative impact humans have had on Earth
a) pollution
b) proposed global warming
c) explosive population
d) pesticide and herbicide usage
e) resource consumption, renewable and non-renewable
4. evaluating the adaptive responses of organisms to their environments
a) plant tropisms
Tropism—
Geotropism—
Phototropism—
Thigmotropism—
b) animal behavior
Innate behavior—
Instincts—
Territorial behavior—
Migration—
Habituation—
Imprinting—
c) survival strategies
Mechanical defense—
Chemical defense—
1. In the food chain below, which population will
most likely decrease if snakes are removed from
the food chain?
7. Predators often feed on weak or sick animals in
an ecosystem. The role of the predator is
described as its
grass grasshopper frog snake
hawk
A grass
B grasshopper
C frog
D hawk
A community
B habitat
C niche
D population
2. Which element’s cycle depends on certain kinds
of bacteria to keep the element available to
other organisms?
A carbon
B hydrogen
C nitrogen
D phosphorus
3. The theory of global warming suggests that a
trend toward warmer temperatures on Earth
will cause glaciers to lose mass. Which result is
a major consequence of glacial melting?
A flooding coastal regions
B destruction of fossil records
C increased saltiness of the oceans
D an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide
4. What characteristics of some pine trees allow
the species to survive a sudden environmental
change?
A modified leaves from needle bundles
B seeds that germinate after fires
C pollen that is easily carried by wind
D bark that is lightly colored
5. A group of organisms of a certain species that is
in one area at a given time is known as
A an ecosystem
B a community
C a population
D a trophic level
6. As energy flows through an ecosystem, at each
trophic level it
A increases
B decreases
C fluctuates
D remains the same
8. Lightning causes a fire that destroys all the
plants in a forest community. Which of the
following will MOST likely be the first to
occupy the burned area?
A oak seedlings
B pine trees
C grasses and annual plants
D woody shrubs
9. The state of California has several large cities
and very productive croplands that divert and
use large amounts of water from rivers. What is
one damaging effect of this use of the rivers’
water?
A increased amounts of solid waste
pollution in oceans
B decreased amounts of fresh water
in marshes and estuaries
C changes in local rainfall amounts
D changes in upstream water tables
10. Plants that live in the rain forest have many
adaptations to their environment. Some plants,
such as vines, have adaptations that allow them
to attach themselves to the trunks of trees.
These adaptations allow vines to successfully
compete for which of the following limited
resources in the rain forest?
A sunlight
B water
C carbon dioxide
D oxygen
11. Birds have been observed puffing up their
feathers under certain conditions. By trapping
air between feathers, this behavior helps the
bird
A hide from enemies
B expend less energy during flight
C shelter offspring
D trap body heat
Biology
End of Course Test Review
Evolution
Assessment of this domain will focus on the following:
1. understanding how scientific theories are developed
Know: Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution by natural selection
His trip on the HMS Beagle
His observations on the Galapagos Islands
Know how geographic isolation & reproductive isolation leads to the development of a new species
2. comparing the geologic history of a species
a) biodiversity
b) ancestry
c) rate of evolution
Adaptive Radiation (divergent evolution) is:
Convergent evolution is:
Ecosystem diversity is:
Species diversity is:
Genetic diversity is:
Gradualism is:
Punctuated equilibrium is:
3. evaluating the scientific evidence that supports the theory of evolution
a) fossil record
b) biochemistry
c) embryologic development
d) homologous structures
4. analyzing the effect of natural selection on species
Fitness
Stabilizing Selection
Directional Selection
Disruptive Selection
5. understanding chemical resistance as a modern example of biological evolution
1.
Ancestors of the koala lived on the ground, but
modern koalas live in trees and eat eucalyptus
leaves, which are poisonous to most other animals.
The difference between the ancestor and modern
koalas was caused by
A the presence of homologous structures
B the presence of vestigial organs
C selective breeding
D natural selection
2. Horses and tapirs have a common ancestor, but they
now look very different from one another. Horses
are now grassland animals adapted for grazing on
grass and shrubs. Tapirs are jungle animals that live
in dense forests and eat fruit, leaves, and aquatic
vegetation. Which of the following led to the
development of such differences in the two species?
A selective breeding
B convergent evolution
C DNA hybridization
D natural selection
3.
Fossils of Archaeopteryx show that this animal had
feathers, like a bird. It also had a bony tail, teeth,
and claws on its wings, like a reptile. These fossils
are evidence that support the idea that
A birds and reptiles have a common ancestor
B birds have changed very little over millions of years
C reptile species are more advanced than bird species
D reptiles are warm-blooded like birds
4.
Although the arctic fox and the kit fox are closely
related, they look very different because the
individuals
A acquired traits during their lifetimes that contributed to
survival
B with traits most suited to their environment reproduced
most successfully
C migrated long distances to environments that most suited
their traits
D passed on to their offspring acquired behaviors that were
helpful
5.
Some viral diseases require only one vaccination,
which lasts for years. For other diseases such as the
flu, vaccinations last only one season. The flu vaccine
lasts such a short time because the flu virus
A is more easily transmitted than other viruses
B mutates much more rapidly than other viruses
C is less dangerous than other viruses
D is much smaller tha n other viruses
6.
Which of the following is considered by most
biologists to be the most accurate in supporting the
theory of evolution?
A fossils
B embryology
C DNA sequencing
D genetic equilibrium
7.
The development of radiocarbon dating allows
scientists to see how many times carbon atoms have
been through half-lives. Since scientists know the
length of a C-14 half-life, they can gain knowledge
about fossils using the C-14 dating technique. When
radiocarbon dating was introduced, it changed the
way people thought about how organisms evolved
because the technique showed
A how long ago some organisms
were alive
B that eating habits have changed
in some animals
C how different the chemical
composition was long ago
D that most plants were
Gymnosperms
8.
There are currently millions of species of organisms
and new species are still being discovered.
Based on Darwin’s theory of evolution, which of the
following best describes how millions of species have
developed?
A Organisms passed on acquired
characteristics to evolve from
lower life forms to higher life
forms.
B Organisms were selectively bred
to create different species.
C Completely different species
crossed with one another to form
the many different organisms.
D Different genetic variations in
organisms were selected in
different environments.
9.
Which of the following best supports the idea that
organisms and environments have changed over
time?
A the discovery of fossilized fern
plants in Antarctica
B the production of sterile hybrid
animals such as the mule
C the many different species of
plants in tropical areas
D the ability of many animals to
learn new behaviors
10. The cotton whitefly has become a key pest for
farmers, damaging many kinds of crops. The cotton
whitefly has developed resistance to a variety of
pesticides. Pesticide resistance would most likely
develop in insects that
A reproduce rapidly
B feed on few types of plants
C undergo complete
metamorphosis
D live in very limited regions