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Biology End of Course Test Review Cells Assessment of this domain will focus on the relationship between form and function in all cells 1. relating common organelles to their functions. These organelles include, but are not limited to: a) mitochondrion b) Golgi apparatus c) vacuole d) nucleus e) ribosome f) chloroplast 2. differentiating between prokaryotes and eukaryotes 3. comprehending the role of the cell membrane in maintaining a constant internal environment The property of the membrane that allows certain materials to pass through the cell while keeping others out is called __________________ _______________ Polymer Phospholipid bilayer Proteins Carbohydrate chains Use Additional Information Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic portions 4. understanding the mechanisms (active and passive transport) required to maintain homeostasis in unicellular and multicellular organisms Active Transport Passive Transport With or against the concentration gradient? Examples: 5. determining chemical elements that are essential constituents of organic molecules 6. comparing the function of basic organic molecules in cells 7. determining the properties of basic biomolecules in living organisms Polymer Monomer Examples/Uses Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids 8. comprehending the lock and key action of enzymes in catalyzing biological reactions All enzymes have 3 things in common: 1. 2. 3. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering its ________________ ______________ ,which is the energy required to start the reaction. Know These: Substrates: Products: Active Site: 1. Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells have the capacity to A assemble into multi-cellular organisms B establish symbiotic relationships with other organisms C obtain energy from the Sun D store genetic information in the form of DNA 6. The assembly of proteins in a cell takes place in the A nucleus B vacuoles C ribosomes D mitochondria 2. Inside eukaryotic cells are membrane -bound structures called A cell walls B cilia C organelles D cytoplasm 7. Which of the following is an organism whose cell(s) lack(s) membrane-bound organelles? A nucleolus B chromatin C eukaryote D prokaryote 3. The function of the cell organelle circled below is to produce energy. 8. In all reptiles, birds, and mammals, the processes of excretion, water and salt balance, and the regulation of pH in body fluids are controlled by the kidneys. This is an example of the organism maintaining A reabsorption B homeostasis C insulation D hibernation What is the name of this organelle? A Gogli apparatus B mitochondrion C nucleus D ribosome 4. Which of the following examples illustrates osmosis? A Water leaves the tubules of the kidney in response to the hypertonic fluid surrounding the tubules. B Digestive enzymes are excreted into the small intestine. C White blood cells consume pathogens and cell debris at the site of an infection. D Calcium is pumped inside a muscle cell after the muscle completes its contraction. 5. Food is commonly refrigerated at temperatures 2°C to 7°C to slow the rate of spoilage by bacteria. Which of the following best explains why refrigeration at these temperatures slows the spoilage of food? A Bacteria that cause food spoilage are killed by these low temperatures. B Bacteria that cause food spoilage multiply rapidly at these temperatures. C The enzymes in bacteria that cause food spoilage are not active at these temperatures. D The enzymes in bacteria that cause food spoilage are denatured at these temperatures. 9. Proteins are long chains or polymers made up of A nucleotides B carbohydrates C amino acids D lipids 10. Which of the following molecules provides the greatest amount of energy per gram of mass when metabolized? A carbohydrate B nucleic acid C protein D lipid 11. Which of the following environmental changes can cause an increase in the rates of chemical reactions in cells? A increased temperature B decreased enzyme concentrations C increased activation energy requirement D decreased diffusion rates Biology End of Course Test Review Organisms Assessment of this domain will focus on the following: 1. energy is needed by all organisms to carry out processes within the cell a) understanding how organisms obtain the energy needed to sustain life Know these: Autotrophs: Heterotrophs: b) analyzing the processes of energy transformation and conversion within types of organisms, such as plants and animals. Photosynthesis: Light Energy 6_________ + 6_________ ________________ + 6_________ Light Reactions or light-dependant reactions take place in the ____________ ___________ of the chloroplast. The reactants of the light reactions are _____________ and ________________. They give off __________________ to the atmosphere and provide the dark reactions with an energy source and a hydrogen atom. The Dark Reactions or light-independent reactions are also called the ________________ __________. They take place in the _____________ of the chloroplast and create a _________________ molecule by combining hydrogen from the light reactions and _________________ from the atmosphere. Aerobic Respiration: ______________ + 6_________ 6_________ + 6_________ + 36 ATP Glycolysis takes place in the ___________________ of the cell. It sends pyruvate into the mitochondria to be used in the Krebs Cycle and it creates a net gain of energy of ______ ATP. The Krebs Cycle uses the pyruvate from Glycolysis to move high energy electrons to the electron transport chain. This process creates ________________ _______________ which diffuses out of the cell and ____ ATP molecules. The Electron Transport Chain uses the high energy electrons from the Krebs cycle and oxygen to create ______ ATP molecules and 6 molecules of _______________ per glucose molecule. c) explaining how matter and energy are recycled through ecosystems In an ecosystem, energy is not recycled. It flows from the ____________ to the _______________, to the ________________ and finally to the ___________________. Nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and water are recycled in an ecosystem. You should know what these nutrient cycles look like/the steps involved in the cycles. d) comparing the complexity of organisms to their method of obtaining energy e) determining how energy is stored and released from the ATP-ADP cycle ATP ADP 2. modern Linnean classification systems are composed of six kingdoms a) understanding the binomial nomenclature system of organism classification Kingdom Species Scientific name for individual organisms b) comprehending how scientific discovery leads to the addition of classification groups c) associating similar organisms by their classification Archeabacteria Eubacteria Protists Fungi Plants Animals Cell Type Prokaryote Unicelluar / Multicellular Unicellular Heterotroph/ Autotroph Can be both 1. In glycolysis, the first stage of cellular respiration, ATP molecules are produced. What is the net gain of ATP molecules (per molecule of glucose) from glycolysis? A1 B2 C4 D 36 4. A group of prokaryotes that live in extreme environments are the A viruses B protests C eubacteria D archaebacteria 2. One main difference between members of the Kingdoms Plantae and Animalia is the ability to 5. The complexity of body systems differs greatly among organisms. Which of the following organisms has developed organ systems for obtaining and utilizing energy? A obtain energy B reproduce C move D exchange gases A bacterium B mushroom C mouse D virus 3. The function of chlorophyll in a light reaction is to 6. Scientists have discovered a new species of animal. Which would provide the best basis for classifying this new species? A bind CO2 to H2O B split to produce O2 C trap light energy D act as a source of CO2 A DNA comparison B diet of animal C habitat of animal D appearance of animal 7. Which statement is true about viruses? A They can reproduce. B They are autotrophs. C They contain organelles. D They are living organisms. Biology End of Course Test Review Genetics Assessment of this domain will focus on the following: 1. DNA and RNA are two molecules essential for the transmission of genetic information a) comprehending the role of DNA in cellular replication prior to mitosis b) understanding the roles of DNA and RNA during meiosis DNA & RNA Similarities : DNA and RNA are nucleic acids, both are required for manufacturing proteins in the cell, they are made up of strings of nucleotides. Differences : DNA’s shape is described as a _______________ _____________ and it cannot leave the nucleus of the cell. RNA is __________________-stranded and leaves the nucleus. The 4 nitrogen bases found in DNA are ________________, _________________, _________________ & _________________. RNA also has 4 nitrogen bases, however, instead of ________________ RNA contains ________________ Nucleotide Base Pairing Rules Thymine (only DNA) Uricil (only RNA) Guanine Cytosine Adenine Phosphate Group Nitrogen Base 5-Carbon Sugar Know how proteins are made in the cell Describe the following two cellular processes. Be sure to include the following key terms. Key Terms – Helicase, RNA polymerase, mRNA, tRNA, Codon, Anticodon, Amino Acids Ribosome, polypeptide. Transcription - Translation - Mitosis creates ______ diploid daughter cells that are ____________________to each other and to the parent. Steps of mitotic division: Prophase X X XX *X * Description of events: Description of events: Description of events: Description of events: See Meiosis on the next Page 2. the laws of genetics, put forth by Mendel, can be used to explain genetic variability a) analyzing the effects of the law of independent assortment on genetic crosses b) applying the concepts within the law of segregation to genetic crosses c) predicting the genotypic and phenotypic outcome of genetic crosses (law of dominant and recessive traits) T - Tall t - short A pea plant that is heterozygous for the tall trait is crossed with a short pea plant. Complete the punnett square for this cross and answer the questions that follow. A genotype is: A phenotype is: What is the phenotypic ratio for this cross? _______________________ What is the genotypic ratio for this cross? _______________________ d) evaluating the role of each of these laws throughout the process of meiosis Meiosis creates ______ haploid daughter cells that are ____________________to each other and to the parent. Steps of meiotic division: Prophase I XX XX * * Description of events: Description of events: Description of events: Description of events: Description of events: Description of events: Description of events: X X * * Description of events: 3. alteration to the genetic material of germ cells can result in variation beyond that explained by Mendelian genetics a) evaluating the role of genetic variation in successive generations b) analyzing the possible alterations that can occur during meiosis: Describe the following types of mutations: – Insertion: – Deletion: – Substitution: – Nondisjuction: c) describe mutagenic factors found in the environment 4. sexual reproduction results in genetic variation; asexual reproduction results in offspring identical to their parents 5. DNA technology is changing modern industries a) evaluating the results of DNA comparisons in forensic sciences b) justifying the use of gene therapy in medicine c) predicting the effect of recombinant DNA on agricultural sciences 1. Information on mRNA is used to make a sequence of amino acids into a protein by which of the following processes? A replication B translation C transcription D transference 2. When an organism has two different alleles for a trait, it is said to be A recessive B dominant C homozygous D heterozygous 6. A type of mutation that can alter DNA by the loss of a nucleotide base is known as A substitution B crossing over C deletion D insertion 7. In Mendel’s experiments with a single trait, the trait that disappeared in the first generation and reappeared in the next generation is called the A homozygous trait B dominant trait C recessive trait D heterozygous trait 3. What is a source of genetic variation? A adaptation B mutation C respiration D transpiration 4. Why is it important for the cells of multicellular organisms to undergo mitosis? A Mitosis allows for reproduction with male and female gametes. B Mitosis increases variation within an organism. C Mitosis produces cells that are different from the original dividing cell. D Mitosis produces identical cells to the original dividing cell. 5. Which of the following is the correct basepairing rule for DNA? A A-U; C-G B A-G; T-C C A-T; G-C D A-C; T-G 8. DNA in an individual’s gametes will most likely be altered before being passed to offspring if exposed to A x-rays B loud sounds C magnetic fields D extreme temperatures 9. Genetic engineering techniques have been used to produce all of the following effects except A grow salt-tolerant crop plants B decrease harvesting time C make crop plants resistant to disease D decrease soil nitrogen levels 10. In fruit flies, the gray body color (G) is dominant to the ebony body color (g). What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring of a heterozygous gray female and an ebony male? A 25% Gg, 75% gg B 50% Gg, 50% gg C 75% gray, 25% ebony D 100% gray Biology End of Course Test Review Ecology Assessment of this domain will focus on the following: 1. understanding the relationship of the individual to a population, a community, an ecosystem and a biome Biotic factors are: Abiotic factors are: Primary Succession is: Secondary Succession is: Category Biosphere Definition Biome Ecosystem Community Population Individual Organism Population growth rates: Name and describe these two types of population growth What are the definitions and examples of density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors? Density dependent Density independent Know the basic biotic and abiotic factors for each of the following biomes: Tundra Tropical Rain Forest Desert Grassland Taiga Temperate Deciduous Forest Freshwater Brackish water/intertidal Saltwater 2. assessing the flow of energy through an ecosystem and required components of a successful environment a) food chains b) food webs c) energy pyramids d) nutrient cycling In an ecosystem, energy is not recycled. It flows from the ____________ to the _______________, to the ________________ and finally to the ___________________. Nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and water are recycled in an ecosystem. You should know what these nutrient cycles look like/the steps involved in the cycles. 3. explaining the negative impact humans have had on Earth a) pollution b) proposed global warming c) explosive population d) pesticide and herbicide usage e) resource consumption, renewable and non-renewable 4. evaluating the adaptive responses of organisms to their environments a) plant tropisms Tropism— Geotropism— Phototropism— Thigmotropism— b) animal behavior Innate behavior— Instincts— Territorial behavior— Migration— Habituation— Imprinting— c) survival strategies Mechanical defense— Chemical defense— 1. In the food chain below, which population will most likely decrease if snakes are removed from the food chain? 7. Predators often feed on weak or sick animals in an ecosystem. The role of the predator is described as its grass grasshopper frog snake hawk A grass B grasshopper C frog D hawk A community B habitat C niche D population 2. Which element’s cycle depends on certain kinds of bacteria to keep the element available to other organisms? A carbon B hydrogen C nitrogen D phosphorus 3. The theory of global warming suggests that a trend toward warmer temperatures on Earth will cause glaciers to lose mass. Which result is a major consequence of glacial melting? A flooding coastal regions B destruction of fossil records C increased saltiness of the oceans D an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide 4. What characteristics of some pine trees allow the species to survive a sudden environmental change? A modified leaves from needle bundles B seeds that germinate after fires C pollen that is easily carried by wind D bark that is lightly colored 5. A group of organisms of a certain species that is in one area at a given time is known as A an ecosystem B a community C a population D a trophic level 6. As energy flows through an ecosystem, at each trophic level it A increases B decreases C fluctuates D remains the same 8. Lightning causes a fire that destroys all the plants in a forest community. Which of the following will MOST likely be the first to occupy the burned area? A oak seedlings B pine trees C grasses and annual plants D woody shrubs 9. The state of California has several large cities and very productive croplands that divert and use large amounts of water from rivers. What is one damaging effect of this use of the rivers’ water? A increased amounts of solid waste pollution in oceans B decreased amounts of fresh water in marshes and estuaries C changes in local rainfall amounts D changes in upstream water tables 10. Plants that live in the rain forest have many adaptations to their environment. Some plants, such as vines, have adaptations that allow them to attach themselves to the trunks of trees. These adaptations allow vines to successfully compete for which of the following limited resources in the rain forest? A sunlight B water C carbon dioxide D oxygen 11. Birds have been observed puffing up their feathers under certain conditions. By trapping air between feathers, this behavior helps the bird A hide from enemies B expend less energy during flight C shelter offspring D trap body heat Biology End of Course Test Review Evolution Assessment of this domain will focus on the following: 1. understanding how scientific theories are developed Know: Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution by natural selection His trip on the HMS Beagle His observations on the Galapagos Islands Know how geographic isolation & reproductive isolation leads to the development of a new species 2. comparing the geologic history of a species a) biodiversity b) ancestry c) rate of evolution Adaptive Radiation (divergent evolution) is: Convergent evolution is: Ecosystem diversity is: Species diversity is: Genetic diversity is: Gradualism is: Punctuated equilibrium is: 3. evaluating the scientific evidence that supports the theory of evolution a) fossil record b) biochemistry c) embryologic development d) homologous structures 4. analyzing the effect of natural selection on species Fitness Stabilizing Selection Directional Selection Disruptive Selection 5. understanding chemical resistance as a modern example of biological evolution 1. Ancestors of the koala lived on the ground, but modern koalas live in trees and eat eucalyptus leaves, which are poisonous to most other animals. The difference between the ancestor and modern koalas was caused by A the presence of homologous structures B the presence of vestigial organs C selective breeding D natural selection 2. Horses and tapirs have a common ancestor, but they now look very different from one another. Horses are now grassland animals adapted for grazing on grass and shrubs. Tapirs are jungle animals that live in dense forests and eat fruit, leaves, and aquatic vegetation. Which of the following led to the development of such differences in the two species? A selective breeding B convergent evolution C DNA hybridization D natural selection 3. Fossils of Archaeopteryx show that this animal had feathers, like a bird. It also had a bony tail, teeth, and claws on its wings, like a reptile. These fossils are evidence that support the idea that A birds and reptiles have a common ancestor B birds have changed very little over millions of years C reptile species are more advanced than bird species D reptiles are warm-blooded like birds 4. Although the arctic fox and the kit fox are closely related, they look very different because the individuals A acquired traits during their lifetimes that contributed to survival B with traits most suited to their environment reproduced most successfully C migrated long distances to environments that most suited their traits D passed on to their offspring acquired behaviors that were helpful 5. Some viral diseases require only one vaccination, which lasts for years. For other diseases such as the flu, vaccinations last only one season. The flu vaccine lasts such a short time because the flu virus A is more easily transmitted than other viruses B mutates much more rapidly than other viruses C is less dangerous than other viruses D is much smaller tha n other viruses 6. Which of the following is considered by most biologists to be the most accurate in supporting the theory of evolution? A fossils B embryology C DNA sequencing D genetic equilibrium 7. The development of radiocarbon dating allows scientists to see how many times carbon atoms have been through half-lives. Since scientists know the length of a C-14 half-life, they can gain knowledge about fossils using the C-14 dating technique. When radiocarbon dating was introduced, it changed the way people thought about how organisms evolved because the technique showed A how long ago some organisms were alive B that eating habits have changed in some animals C how different the chemical composition was long ago D that most plants were Gymnosperms 8. There are currently millions of species of organisms and new species are still being discovered. Based on Darwin’s theory of evolution, which of the following best describes how millions of species have developed? A Organisms passed on acquired characteristics to evolve from lower life forms to higher life forms. B Organisms were selectively bred to create different species. C Completely different species crossed with one another to form the many different organisms. D Different genetic variations in organisms were selected in different environments. 9. Which of the following best supports the idea that organisms and environments have changed over time? A the discovery of fossilized fern plants in Antarctica B the production of sterile hybrid animals such as the mule C the many different species of plants in tropical areas D the ability of many animals to learn new behaviors 10. The cotton whitefly has become a key pest for farmers, damaging many kinds of crops. The cotton whitefly has developed resistance to a variety of pesticides. Pesticide resistance would most likely develop in insects that A reproduce rapidly B feed on few types of plants C undergo complete metamorphosis D live in very limited regions