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ASPIRE Week and Genetics! Assignment Sheet--- 5/2/16 [email protected]
*Articles online at http://www.carolinacurriculum.com/premium_content/Premium+Gateway.asp click student access on left - password AMSTIOMM- chapter 19
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/molecules/ ---- Use this excellent interactive site to reinforce understanding
DNA Quizler https://quizlet.com/21679923/adams-dna-and-rna-flash-cards/
Genetics Quizlet https://quizlet.com/21918659/adams-genetics-flash-cards/
Mendel: http://www.cccoe.net/genetics/mendel.html - great tutorial.
How to do a Punnet Square - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prkHKjfUmMs
Monday 2nd -Final discussions Protein Synthesis... intro to genetics. Assign: SNORK and Notebook Check on Tuesday.
Tuesday 3rd --- Turn in SNORKS. Notebook Check. More on genetics and Punnett Squares.
Wednesday 4th --- ASPIRE READING... More on Genetics in our class.
Thursday 5th --- ASPIRE Math... More on Genetics in our class.
Friday 6th --- ASPIRE Science... More on Genetics in our class.
Vocabulary: meiosis
trait genotype
phenotype
punnett square
homozygous
alleles
heterozygous
dominant
recessive
mutation
_______________1. a tool to display the possible results of a genetic cross. allows you to predict possible outcomes
_______________2. This is a characteristic passed from one generation to another.
_______________3. This is a trait that is always expressed if present in even 1 gene.
_______________4. This makes sex cells-reduces chromosome number to ½ the diploid number.
_______________5. This is when the genes are different … Bb
_______________6. This is when both pairs of a gene are the same…BB or bb
_______________7. This is the genetic makeup for a trait- expressed as letters BB, Bb or bb
_______________8. This is a trait not expressed unless it is seen in both genes.
_______________9. These are the different forms of a gene. Ex. Eye color may be brown or blue
_______________10. The way a trait is expressed as a result of the genotype, what we see - blue eyes
_______________11. A change of DNA that produces a change in the proteins of an organism
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Mendel's law of segregation states that two alleles for a trait segregate (or separate) from each other during gamete
formation and end up in different gametes. Thus, an egg or a sperm cell only gets one of the two alleles.
Mendel's law of independent assortment states that pairs of alleles separate independently of other pairs of alleles
during the formation of gametes. In other words, traits are inherited independently of one another.
Beyond Mendel:
We now know things are a bit more complicated. These are just a few examples:
Single genes may affect several traits...the gene for melanin works in skin and hair color.
Sometimes a trait is determined by the interaction of several genes.
-genes may be co-dominant... so both proteins are made - such as a cross between red and white flowers giving
pink offspring
-genes may show incomplete dominance... so more than one protein is possible-such as in the ABO blood types
Sometimes a trait is influenced by the environment... such as an individual that is extremely
malnourished throughout childhood not reaching the height / size that his genetics set.
Gene Linkage has also been found ... contrary to what the law of independent assortment states, genes that
are very close together on a chromosome tend to be inherited together.
Optional Activity for credit- due Monday 5/9/16
1. Genetics/review “Who’s your Daddy?” http://www.cccoe.net/genetics/index.html - Work through the tutorials and complete the
intermediate activity showing all work... you will have to print this off to turn in.
2. Online research of a Genetic Disorder... to be presented to class (see my webpage... type directly on this form in your own words!)
Mendel’s Great Discoveries
*Articles online at http://www.carolinacurriculum.com/premium_content/Premium+Gateway.asp
click student access on left - password AMSTIOMM- chapter 19
http://dogfoose.com/2011/07/gregor-mendel
1. Dominant Trait: Not just “Stronger” .... it is more than this:
a. When are these traits seen?
They always show!
b. What kind of letter is used to show/designate these?
2. Recessive Trait: Not just “Weaker” .... it is more than this: They get covered up!
a. When are these traits seen?
b. What kind of letter is used to show/designate these?
3. Mendel’s 1st experiment- Tall crossed with short plant, what size were the offspring?
Mendel’s 2nd experiment- Crossing the Offspring, what happened?
What was the ratio of traits in the offspring? (THIS IS A FAMOUS OUTCOME!!!)
5. What is a genotype?
What is a phenotype?
How are these related?
6. Define Homozygous: When the inherited genes look __________________________
7. Define Heterozygous: When the inherited genes look__________________________
8.
HH
bb
Py
Dd
LL
LH
Pp
Which of these are homozygous- circle them? Which of them are heterozygous- - underline them?
Which of these are not genotypes- put an X on them!
Name: _____________________________________________Date: _____________________Block: _______
Online Research for a Genetic Disorder
Directions: Access the following website: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=gnd. Read the
introduction to this website. Then, click on Full Contents to display a list of genetic disorders. Choose one the
interests you, and answer the following questions in complete sentences.
1. What is the name of the genetic disorder?
2. What system/part of the body does the disorder affect?
3. What gene and/or chromosome is mutated in this disorder?
4. What is the type of mutation that causes this disorder?
5. Is this mutation dominant or recessive?
6. What are the symptoms of this disorder?
7. What ar the possible treatments for this disorder?
8. Does this disorder affect specific populations of people more so than other populations?
9. What is the percentage or ratio of the population suffering from this disorder?
10. Search www.google.com or www.yahoo.com to find two reputable websites sontaining information about
this disorder. Reputable websites end in .edu, .gov, or.org For each website, write the website address, the
name of the website, and two facts about this disorder that are different from those above.
Website 1
Address:
Name:
Fact 1:
Fact 2:
Website 2
Address:
Name:
Fact 1:
Fact 2:
Practice with Crosses. Show all work!
1. A TT (tall) plant is crossed with a tt (short plant). What percentage of the offspring will be tall? ___________
2. A Tt plant is crossed with a Tt plant. What percentage of the offspring will be short? ______
3. A heterozygous round seeded plant (Rr) is crossed with a homozygous round seeded plant (RR).
What percentage of the offspring will be homozygous (RR)? ____________
4. A homozygous round seeded plant is crossed with a homozygous wrinkled seeded plant. What are the
genotypes of the parents? ____ x ____What percentage of the offspring will also be homozygous? __
5. In pea plants purple flowers are dominant to white flowers. If two white flowered plants are cross, what
percentage of their offspring will be white flowered? ______________
6. A white flowered plant is crossed with a plant that is heterozygous for the trait. What percentage of the
offspring will have purple flowers? _____________
7. In guinea pigs, the allele for short hair is dominant.
What genotype would a heterozygous short haired guinea pig have? _______
What genotype would a purebreeding short haired guinea pig have? _______
What genotype would a long haired guinea pig have? ________
8. Show the cross for a pure breeding short haired guinea pig
and a long haired guinea pig. What percentage of the offspring will have short hair? __________
9. Show the cross for two heterozygous guinea pigs. What percentage of the offspring will have short hair?
________ What percentage of the offspring will have long hair? _______
10. Two short haired guinea pigs are mated several times. Out of 100 offspring, 25 of them have long hair. What
are the probable genotypes of the parents? ________ x ___________
Show the cross to prove it!
Study guide part 1: Reflection Questions
1. Which determines the other—phenotype or genotype? Explain.
The genotype, the genetic makeup of an organism, determines the phenotype, what the organism looks like.
This is because the genes determine the proteins that are made by the organism.
2. In pea plants, the gene for purple “P” flowers is dominant over the gene for white “p” flowers?
What is the genotype of a heterozygous purple-flowered pea plant? Pp
What is the genotype of a white-flowered pea plant? pp
3. How is the product of meiosis different from that of mitosis?Meiosis produces 4 sex cells which have 1/2 the
number (haploid) of chromosomes as compared to mitosis which makes 2 body cells with the diploid number
of chromosomes that are identical to the parent cell.
A squirrel normally has 40 PAIRS of chromosomes in its cells.
After MITOSIS occurs, how many pairs of chromosomes would be in each of the squirrel’s body cells?40
After MEIOSIS occurs, how many pairs of chromosomes would be in each of the squirrel’s sex cells?20
4. Respond to this: “Because the offspring develops inside the female, it will be more like her.” Each parent gives 1/2 of
the genetic material to the offspring. This is what determines what the offspring is like, not where the
offspring develops.
5. Some offspring display more traits of their fathers and some display more of their mothers. If each parent donates one gene
for each trait, how can this happen?The offspring will look most like the parent that gives the most DOMINANT
genes.
6. Hanging earlobes (H) are dominant over attached earlobes (h). Complete a Punnett square showing the possible offspring
from an Hh male and an hh female. Then answer the questions.
- What are the chances of these parents having an offspring with hanging earlobes? 2/4 or 50%
- With four offspring, will two definitely have hanging earlobes and two attached earlobes? Explain.
NO, each offspring will have a 50% chance of having hanging earlobes.
-If an offspring has attached earlobes, can we assume its genotype is hh? Explain.Yes, since attached earlobes are
recessive, offspring have to get the recessive gene from both parents to show the trait.
-If an offspring has hanging earlobes, can we assume its genotype is Hh? Explain.
In this particular punnett Squareyes since that is the only way to get hanging lobes but in general no, since this trait is dominant, the
genotype might be HH or Hh and still show the trait. Just 1 copy of the dominant gene is required.
7. Occasionally a trait not observed in either parent appears in an offspring. How this can happen?
Heterozygous parents may each give a recessive allele (gene) so the recessive trait will “reappear”
8. Which parent actually determines the sex of an offspring? Explain.
A. DAD - Each parent gives a sex chromosome, X or Y. Females have XX and males have XY. Females
can only give a X chromosome. If the dad gives an X the baby is a girl. If dad gives a Y the baby is a
boy.
9. If a baby had the potential to be homozygous dominant, heterozygous, or homozygous recessive for a trait. What must be
true about the genotypes of both of their parents for each trait?They must both be heterozygous
10. Explain the relationship between DNA, Genes, Alleles and chromosomes.
Chromosomes are the rod shaped organelles (found in the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells) that are made of DNA and protein.
DNA is the genetic material of the cell that directs cellular activities and holds the information for building proteins and
thus traits of the organism. Genes are segments of DNA that code for a particular protein. An allele is a form of a gene ...
such as with eye color, the allele for blue eyes or the allele for brown eyes.
11. Describe Down’s Syndrome. Down’s Syndrome is caused by non-disjunction (error in meiosis) that causes an extra
copy of chromosome 21 to be given in the gamete. With fertilization, the baby will have three copies of this
chromosome in each cell instead of the ususal 2 copies. Also called Triosomy 21.
12. Sickle Cell Anemia is a recessive disorder. Describe how what this condition does and how it occurs.
This disorder is caused by a single base substitution and results in an altered hemoglobin protein. This causes the red
blood cells to sickle. They are sticky, do not carry oxygen as effectively and tend to form clots leading to painful episodes.
This disorder must be inherited from both parents. A single copy of the gene is protective against malaria but have two
copies of the gene produces the disorder.
13. Color Blindness is a sex linked genetic disorder. What does this mean? Sex linked disorders are carried on either of the
sex chromosomes.... most often on the X chromosome. They are not transmitted sexually but are instead passed in the
genetic makeup of the parents to the child.
Usually sons inherit this trait through their mothers, explain how it works. A daughter who inherits a faulty X from her
mother will have a “backup” copy from her father since she is XX. A son gets a Y from his father so if the mother passes a
faulty X chromosome to him, he will have no “backup X” and so will have the disorder.