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© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
From DNA to Proteins
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Section 5: Translation
Study Guide A
KEY CONCEPT
Translation converts an mRNA message into a polypeptide, or protein.
VOCABULARY
translation
stop codon
codon
start codon
anticodon
MAIN IDEA: Amino acids are coded by mRNA base sequences.
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence or
answers the question.
1. Translation is the process that converts an mRNA message into a
_____________.
2. A codon is a sequence of ________ nucleotides that code for an amino acid.
3. Would the codons in Figure 5.1 in your textbook be found in a strand of DNA
or RNA? ____________
4. A reading frame is the order in which _____________ are read.
Refer to Figure 5.1 in this section of your textbook to complete the table below.
Codon
Amino Acid or Function
5. AGA
6. UAG
7.
tryptophan (Trp)
8. GGA
MAIN IDEA: Amino acids are linked to become a protein.
Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.
9. Ribosomes / Vesicles and tRNA molecules / DNA polymerase are the tools that
help a cell translate an mRNA message into a polypeptide.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
1
From DNA to Proteins
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Study Guide A continued
10. The small / large subunit of a ribosome holds onto the mRNA strand.
11. The small / large subunit of a ribosome has binding sites for tRNA.
12. A tRNA molecule is attached to a(n) sugar / amino acid at one end and has
a(n) frame / anticodon at the other end.
13. Place the following sentences into the cycle diagram below to outline the steps
of translation.
i. The ribosome pulls the mRNA strand the length of one codon. The first
tRNA exits the ribosome, and another codon is exposed.
ii. The ribosome forms a peptide bond between the amino acids. It breaks the
bond between the first amino acid and tRNA.
iii. An exposed codon attracts a complementary tRNA bearing an amino acid.
Ribosome assembles at
the start codon of
mRNA strand.
A.
B.
C.
When the ribosome
encounters a stop
codon, it falls apart and
the protein is released.
Vocabulary Check
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
14. AGG, GCA, and GUU are examples of _________________.
15. A(n) __________ is a set of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is
complementary to an mRNA codon.
16. A ______________ indicates where translation is to stop.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
2
From DNA to Proteins