Download REVIEW FOR FINALS TT^TT (TEEHEE)x

WASSUP FRESHMEN
OMG FRESHIES
stop it you’ll scare them...when did the freshman class become exotic animals
NOTE TO EDITORS: IF YOU GUYS SCREW UP THE ORDER OR FORMAT AGAIN
I’M NOT REDOING IT OK.---Sissi is fed up D:< galen is too sanbir is three brandon also what about haider, guys?
I’m not sure what I should say if you’re still looking at this doc
Time stamp: 3/28/2013
So many feels -gaylan 4/11/13
Da heck?? -Mr Lsomething 4/22/13
*mr.lin - galen 6/4/13
mr.ng* - brandon 6/12/13
HI GUYS! :DDDDD - Sissi 11/23/13
Back together again- Sanbir 1/26/14
Exam Information: (FINALS ARE OVER
YAYAYAYAYAYAYAyayyayayayayyYAYAYAYAYAYAYYAYAYAYCOOK
IESAYAYAYAYAYAYAYAYAYAYAYAYAYAY)
*There should be a lot of diagrams on the test, so be sure to pay attention to the
diagrams we have here!
Notes from the Authors:
* 你们好吗? 我恨死了我的 FINALSSSSSS D:<
no me gustan mis examenes D:<
* 哎呀 como están los estudiantes
わたしわ something something blabla yo hablo blablalblablabla です.
* i’m getting annoying now, right? (i don’t know korean or french)
* “這個是什麼?”,你可能問.
這是化學的關係。jk, no es para la química sino la biología.
你懂我在講什么吗？hai hai hai hai hai hai hai :D
* in this study guide, a word with a number next to it is the number of carbon
molecules it has e.g. glucose(6) has 6-carbons
* Hope we can make boring Bio less boring by putting the word “Pee, butt, and
Poop” everywhere! :DD
The Nature of Science (It’s all fiction, fiction I say!):
Scientific Method- Using observations to make conclusions
(assumptions vs inference)
Assumption = hypothesis
Data to produce a conclusion = inference
Scientific Theory vs. Scientific Law- Theory cannot be proven but law can be
proven
Matter and Energy+Organization. BECAUSE WE GOTTA
GET SOME STUFF IN THE WORLD
Atomic Number and Mass:
Matter- anything that takes up space and has mass
Atoms-building block of matter
Elements- any substance that cannot be broken down
further into simpler substances
Bonding (Which you should be able to identify)
● Covalent Bonds: Bonds in which electrons are shared between atoms.
(Bond between two non-metals)
○ Polar Covalent Bonds: (Ex. H2O) Electrons in atoms are shared
unequally and results in a slightly negatively charged atom and a
slightly positively charged atom.
○ Nonpolar Covalent bonds: (Ex. CH4) A bond in which electrons
are shared equally, and the molecules’ charges are neutral.
● Ionic Bonds: (Ex. NaCl) A bond in which an electron is transferred from
one atom to another resulting in positively and negatively charged ions.
In the case of sodium chloride, sodium has 1 electron while chlorine
has 7. In ionic bonding, the electron from the sodium is forced to go to
the chloride therefore balancing the number of electrons.
● Hydrogen Bonds: A temporary bond between the oxygens and
hydrogens in water as a result of their slight polarity, this is primarily
caused by polar covalent bonding
Ions in Living Cells
Ionization- The process of converting a nonionic compound into ions
Water Ionization(water can self ionize):
H2O--> (H+) Hydrogen Ion + (OH-) Negatively charged hydroxide ion
● The hydrogen ion (H+) then immediately binds with a water molecule to
form
● The pH scale measures the hydrogen ions (H+).
Buffers:
● Solutions used to keep the pH of another solution within a range of 1.
(A biological buffer is sodium bicarbonate.)
CELLS OOOOOOOOOOOO~
The Classification of Cells
Binomial Nomenclature- the two-word name that defines an organism’s
species e.g. homo sapiens
The 5 Kingdom System: Animalia, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Monera
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic:
Prokaryotic
Animal Cell vs Plant Cell:
● Cell walls
Unicellular vs. Multicellular:
● multicellular is more complex
Organelles of An Eukaryotic Cell
Nucleus: the central part of an eukaryotic cell that contains hereditary
material stored as DNA
Membrane System: phospholipid bilayer
Energy-producing organelles:
mitochondria(cellular respiration)
Cytoskeleton: A network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm that gives shape to
a cell, holds and moves organelles, and is often involved in cell movement.
(Think of it as the circulatory system of cells)
Structure and Function of the cell membrane:
Transport Across a Membrane: Passive and Active Transport
● Passive Transport - facilitated diffusion (ion channels) and diffusion
● Active Transport - uses ATP to produce a conformational change;
forcing it against the concentration gradient
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; AKA STUFF THAT ARE
SMALL AND WE USE TO DO OTHER STUFF :DD the
things that is used to make the things, and thereby synthesizes
things that destroy things (phew what a mouthful) that’s what she said xD -Justin(NOT
GALEN)
Biomacromolecules
Carbohydrates- a polyhydroxylated aldehyde or ketone (yes that’s the
definition she gave us in class)
Functions of Carbohydrates:
● Immediate Energy Source
○
Mono- or disaccharides
● Short term storage of energy
○
plants - starch
○
animals - glycogen
■
Humans store about 10 hours of energy
■
muscles
■
liver
Monosaccharides- like glucose and fructose(C6H12O6 this is glucose and
fructose’s chemical formula)
Disaccharide- combination of molecules consisting of carbon backbones
Polysaccharides- starch, glycogen
Lipids- Insoluble in water glycerol.
Functions of Lipids
● LONG-term storage of energy (i remember this because ms. manwell
said it like that)
● Membrane structure
● Waxy coats to prevent H2O loss (like the cuticle-thingy)
● Hormones
● Insulation (fluffyangry birds)
○
thermal insulation
○
electrical insulation
● Cushioning
Fatty Acids- Made out of glycerol with fatty tails attached to them. These fatty
tails are bonded using ester bonds. This forms a triglyceride because there
are three carbon in the glycerol.
Phospholipids- Like a fatty acids, except one of the carbons is bonded to a
phosphate group instead of a chain
Proteins- structural units in cells, can be used for structure, defense,
enzymes, movement, transport, and signaling. It is made of an amine group,
a carboxyl group, a carbon and a hydrogen, as well as a variable group,
which can vary from 20 different choices.
Amino Acids- monomers of proteins
Peptide Bonds- the bonds formed between amino acids in proteins. These
are formed by hydrolysis.
Polypeptide- a long chain of amino acids. When the chain becomes long
enough, folds begin to occur.
Primary Structure- the basic form of a protein
Secondary Structure- comes in the form of alpha helix or a beta sheet in folds
Tertiary Structure- a spherical folding of a polypeptide
Hydrophobicity- stays away from water, like lipid tails. It can affect how a
protein folds.
Quaternary Structure- multiple polypeptides combined together to create
complex folds.
Nucleic Acids- a macromolecule that dictates the processes of creating
proteins. It consists of three things: (1) a phosphate group, (2) a 5-carbon
sugar, or pentose (can be either ribose or deoxyribose) and (3) a nitrogenous
base. These nitrogenous bases are:
●
DNA- contains the sugar deoxyribose, DNA is practically the origin of
everything your body does.
● RNA- a single-stranded copy or DNA. Contains Uracil instead of
Thymine.
Nucleotides- the building blocks of nucleic acids
RNA
●
●
●
mRNA(messenger)
tRNA(transport)
rRNA(ribosomal)
DNA- the genetic makeup of a cell
● double helix made of two strands with alternating nucleotides
● adenine-thymine cytosine-guanine
Genes
Codons,
Enzymes- proteins that help speed up reactions by binding substrates
together to change their shape or break down molecules
Catalysts- same thing, speeds up reactions, it itself is not changed in the
process
Active Site- where the substrates enter
Substrate- a reactant that in taken into account during a enzyme’s reaction.
Metabolism- the sum of all the chemical reactions
Synthesis- creation (endergonic)
Decomposition- DESTRUCTION (exergonic)
Oxidation- LEO loss of electrons
Reduction- GER gain of electrons
ATP- Adenosine triphosphate (AKA the most common energy carrier in the
body)
ADP- Adenosine diphosphate (Also important in energy transfer/carrying)
Diffusion
- Alveoli
- Cuticle
- Stomata
- Transpiration
Concentration Gradient
ENERGY TO GO VROOM VROOM VROOM (vroom)!
First law of thermodynamics- energy cannot be destroyed nor created only
changed.
Law of conservation of energy; Also known as law of conservation of matter.
Second law of thermodynamics- Unless energy is applied to an isolated
system, the amount of entropy in an isolated system will increase over time
See the definition of Entropy below.
Chemical energy- Energy stored in the bonds of high energy substances, like
ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate
Free energy- Released as heat energy from reactions
Autotrophs - Produce their own energy-- Plants
Photosynthesis - process of autotrophs to convert water and carbon dioxide
to glucose and oxygen
Photoautotrophs- Organisms that use le sunnn to make energy (plants)
Chemosynthesis- process by deep-sea bacterium that use chemicals to
create food(
Food web- Diagrams used to show the transfer of energy from one organism
to another by where they get their energy from.
Producer- produces own food
Consumer- eats other organisms for energy
Decomposer- breaks down dead organisms for energy (saprophytes)
Abiotic- nonliving factors
Biotic- living factors
Ecosystem- biotic+abiotic
Habitats-where the organism lives
Biosphere- the whole region of Earth that makes up environments where
organisms live
Entropy- A tendency for disorder (like the classroom analogy with Ms.
Manwell having to keep the classroom orderly *AHEM lolBORINGGGGG~*
energy has to be spent to maintain order.
Decomposition- break down to recycle nutrients
Oxidation-loss of electrons (remember Leoger)
ATP-energy for most organisms stored in the bonds of Adenosine
triphosphate, chosen because of high energy capacity in that phosphate
group
ADP-plus phosphate equals ATP
ENZYMES AND STUFF TO MAKE OTHER STUFF WORK
D:<
Enzymes-speeds up reactions, special catalyst, not used up, generally a
protein.
Catalysts- speeds up reactions
Active site-place where substrate binds
Allosteric Site- the site where an inhibitor can bind to change the shape of an
enzymes, thereby inhibiting it (one of 2 methods of inhibition, this one is
allosteric inhibition the other is competitive inhibition)
Substrate-the reactant that goes in the enzyme
Synthesis-to create more complex molecules out of simpler ones
Endergonic vs. Exergonic
● Exergonic- Exergonic reactions are those that release energy. During
these reaction the reactant has higher free energy than the product. This
is expressed by -G (negative Gibbs number). These reaction occurs
spontaneously and their rate is usually increased by
enzymes.
● Endergonic-Endergonic reactions are those that store energy. During
these reactions the reactant has lower free energy than the product.
This is expressed by +G (positive Gibbs number).
They do not happen spontaneously and need supply of energy to occur.
Course of a chemical reaction- See above exergonic and endergonic
reactions.
Induced-fit Model for enzyme activity- the model used to demonstrate the
activity of an enzyme, involves the substrates, the enzyme itself, and the
allosteric regulatory site.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS; GETTING SOME SHUGAH (If you
know what I’m saying~~ oppa g-- AKA BORINGEST
SUBJECT EVER ;c in the twilight (zone)
Photoautotrophs- Organisms that make their own food from the sun’s
energy (PLANTS~)
Chemoautotrophs- Organisms that uses chemicals to create their own food
(i.e. bacteria that live in hotsprings)
Chloroplasts- Special organelles of plant cells-- they capture
Pigments- the substance that give plants their color
Thylakoids- sacs where the light reactions take place
Grana - stacks of thylakoids
Stroma- the “cytoplasm” of the chloroplast
Chlorophyll- Green pigment in plants (absorbs only red and blue pigments,
reflects green)
Photosystems I and II- the two photosystems that are part of the light
reactions of photosynthesis
NADP+ - low-energy electron carrier for the ATP synthase to work
NADPH - high-energy electron carrier for ATP synthase to work
And now time for my horrible drawing...Are you ready? (Which isn’t that
horrible :P)
Calvin cycle - the process of the light-independent reactions that creates
glucose.
Rubisco- the carbon-fixing enzyme that fixes carbon dioxide onto rubp
RuBP- (Ribulose Bisphosphate)
Carbon fixation- the process where carbon dioxide is fixed to rubp
PGA- Phosphoglyceric acid: A three carbon molecule produced after the
carbon fixation step in the Calvin Cycle (AKA C3 Cycle) in photosynthesis.
PGAL-phosphoglyceraldehyde: a chemical compound that serves as an
intermediate in metabolic pathways. It is converted from PGA using energy
from ATP and NADPH. PGAL can be used to synthesize glucose.
Rate Photoinhibition- light-induced reduction in the photosynthetic capacity of
a plant, damage to the light-gathering process in photosynthesis; occurs
when a chloroplast has absorbed too much light energy
Photorespiration- the process by which the plant takes in oxygen and
releases carbon dioxide. Unlike cellular respiration, no ATP is produced and
carbon as well as nitrogen in the form of ammonia is lost. It also prevents the
C3 pathway from synthesizing glucose.
Bundle sheath cells
Epidermis- The skin or the outer layer of the cell
Cuticle- The waxy outer coating of the plants. (Oooo, SHINYYY~)
Mesophyll- a layer in the leaf
Vascular bundles- A strand of vascular tissues (both xylem and phloem) in a
stem or leaf.
Accessory pigments
Carotenoids: a group of more than 700 fat-soluble nutrients that give
plants their color and are important for health. Each help a certain part of the
body.
Photosystems(II comes before I btw)- the pigments used in the lightdependent reactions
Reaction center- in the photosystem, concentrates all of the energy collected
by the rest of the photosystem.
Electron transport chain (ETC)
Chemiosmosis-
C4 pathway- alternative pathway for plants in dry weather
CAM pathway
CELLULAR RESPIRATION- BORING SUBJECT
NUMBER 2 :c pant pant pant Usain Bolt runs a 9.53sec 100m using anaerobic respiration (oooo
so nerdy)
Cellular respiration- process of making energy in the bonds of ATP
from oxygen
Metabolism- the combination of all of the reactions
Glycolysis- the process in which glucose(6) is broken down into 2
pyruvate(3 each) molecules
Aerobic respiration- respiration using oxygen
Anaerobic respiration- when oxygen is not present, the cell uses this
Fermentation- Anaerobic respiration where pyruvates are split to get
ATP! ok sissi gosh
● Alcoholic fermentation- where some yeast takes the pyruvate and
converts it into alcohol and carbon dioxide.
● Lactic-acid fermentation- when pyruvate is fermented into lactic acid,
buildup occurs
NAD+ - the form of NADP without energy
Electron transport system- part of the mass-production of ATP, where
electrons are transported across a membranes to pump hydrogen ions
across into the intermembrane compartment
Intermembrane area- between outer membrane and inner membrane, part of
the electron transport system
Chemiosmosis- where hydrogen ions move down their concentration
gradient to create ATP through the protein ATP synthase(like a water wheel)
Cristae- Cristae (singular crista) are the internal compartments of a
mitochondrion. They are studded with proteins, including ATP synthase and a
variety of cytochromes. The maximum surface for chemical reactions to occur
is within the mitochondria. This allows cellular respiration (aerobic respiration
since the mitochondrion requires oxygen) to occur. Chemiosmosis also
occurs here.
ATP- ENERGY YO!!! (Adenosine Triphosphate BROS.)
Coenzyme A- this plus pyruvate is the key ingredient in starting the krebs
cycle
Oxidation - leoger says oxidation is loss of electrons (don’t listen to me, listen
to LEOGER) AKA LEGO DUDE! :DD
Acetyl CoA = pyruvate + coenzyme a
Reduction- Gain of Electrons, Reduction...GERRRRRRRRRR
Pyruvate/pyruvic acid
Krebs Cycle- the process in which electron carriers gradually take electrons
from carbohydrates.
Cytochrome
Mitochondria- place where cellular respiration takes place
Lactate/lactic acid
Matrix of mitochondria- this is where the krebs cycle takes place to generate
electrons for electron carriers.
Facultative aerobes
Obligate anaerobes
Obligate aerobes
Hydrolysis-just add H2O (serve well, and enjoy lol)
FOOD; MY FAVORITE SUBJECT~ (Digestion) it’s like a
grinder
Food Vacuole- Used in single celled organisms to stored food and digest food
with the help of enzymes
Digestion- breakdown of food in digestive tract
Intracellular digestion- digestion in the cell
Extracellular digestion- digestion occurring outside a cell
Epiglottis.- flap that prevents food going into the trachea
Peristalsis- muscular movement of esophagus, and small
intestine to move and digest food
Villi- tiny hairy things in small intestine that absorb the stuff
Capillaries.- single-cell thick walls where interstitial fluid diffuses
Lysosomes- contains digestive enzymes for digestion
Gastrovascular cavity- cnidaria opening for digestion
Cellulose- the hard stuff in plants/”fiber”
Gizzard- grinds up food (found in worms, birds, you name it)
Salivary glands- secretes salivary amylase for chemical digestion of
carbohydrates (starch)
Pharynx- the opening (oral cavity)
Esophagus-pushes food down to the stomach from Pharynx by peristalsis
(rhythmic movement of food going down throat)
Liver- produces bile for fat emulsification
Gallbladder- regulates bile output
THE LARGE INTESTINE
● Ascending colon- it goes up... (Large intestine)
● Transverse colon- it goes across...(again Large intestine)
● Descending colon- it goes down...(yet again Large intestine)
● Sigmoid Colon- the little part of the YET AGAIN large intestine at the
and, before the anus
Stomach
● secretes HCl, mucus, pepsinogen
● CHYME- black “sturf”
Pancreas- produces pancreatic juice that has le enzymes
Small intestine
● has villi to absorb nutrients
● digests stuff with pancreatic juice
● peristalsis pushes the food through
Rectum- THE POOP HOLE! :D
Larynx- voicebox (Not part of digestion but it helps me sing~ :3
LALALALALALALALALALALA)
Pyloric Sphincter- bottom of stomach that regulates how much semi-digested
food goes to the small intestine.
Gastrin- stimulates acid secretion
Pepsin- for proteins
Trypsin- for more proteins
Lipase- for lipids
Chyme- acidic solution after stomach digestion
Bile- emulsifies salts
Lacteal- vessel in the villi that gets the lipids
Feces- LE POOP :D
Secretin- stimulates bile output and bicarbonate production
Cholecystokinin(CCK): stimulates bile production and pancreatic juice
secretion
Segmentation movements: How the food moves down the
esophagus and from stomach to small intestine in small chunks.
Colon- Also known as the large intestine, it is where reabsorption of water
and vitamin creation takes place
Homeostasis- the processes in which the body maintains stable internal
conditions (i.e. temp,pH,etc.)
Metabolism- combination of reactions
EXCRETORY SYSTEM/GETCHO BODY’S GARBAGE
OUT! :D saca la basura
Kidney- Shaped like a kidney bean! :D This organ filters blood~
Nephrons- the functional unit of the kidneys-- It is where filtration and
some reabsorption takes place. What part of the kidney is the nephron in?
medulla or something?
Filtration (of the nephron)- The transport of materials and dissolved
substances from the glomerular capillaries into the Bowman’s capsule.
Plasma proteins and blood cells are too big to pass through the walls of the
Bowman’s capsule, so they are not filtered out. The substances that are
filtered out are vitamins, water, salts, urea, amino acids, toxins, bicarbonate,
and glucose. This is because these substances are small enough to be
filtered out.
Reabsorption( of the nephron)- Also known as tubular reabsorption, it is
where important substances are reabsorbed back into the body.
1. Most of these substances are reabsorbed in the proximal tubule.
(Glucose, Vitamins, Amino Acids)
2. The descending loop of Henle (Going downnnn [temperpedic ergo]) is
where most water is reabsorbed since it is highly permeable to water,
but not to other substances. So at the end, the solution is highly
concentrated in urea and salts
3. The ascending loop of Henle (Going Up^) is impermeable to water, so
salts move down the concentration gradient by diffusing into the
surrounding space (Thin). The thick portion: Salt is actively transported
out of the tubule.
4. The Distal Tubule is where salt is still actively transported out, and as a
result more water moves out of the filtrate by osmosis.
Secretion (of the nephron)- In the Distal Tubule, hydrogen ions, drugs and
toxins, ammonia, and uric acid enters the tubule by active transport.
Urinary system- The system in which liquid wastes and liquid-soluble
wastes are expelled from the body.
Urine- Your pee xD contains nitrogenous wastes like uric acid and
urea
Ureter- Muscular tubes that carries pee from kidney to the bladder
Urinary bladder- A muscular storage place for urine to collect before being
excreted. It can hold about 1 pint of liquid when it’s moderately full.
Urethra- A small muscular tube that drains urine from the urinary bladder out
of the body. In males it is about 8 inches long-- in females it is about 1.5
inches long.
Feedback regulation- The process in which ADH controls how much liquid is
absorbed in the collecting duct. See Antidiuretic hormone below :DD
Aldosterone-a steroid hormone C21H28O5 of the adrenal cortex that
functions in the regulation of the salt and water balance of the body.
Antidiuretic hormone(ADH)- A hormone that controls how much water is
reabsorbed in the collecting duct. This in turn regulates the concentration of
the urine. In hot summer days the ADH will allow the collecting duct to be
extremely permeable to water; therefore, most of the water will be
reabsorbed. It is secreted by the pituitary gland and tries to maintain
homeostasis.
Ammonia- Part of the cycle for getting rid of nitrogen wastes;end product of
digested amino acids, very toxic
Renal vein- Carries blood away from the kidneys after it has been
filtered and returns it to circulatory system via the vena cava.
Renal artery- Branched off from the aorta, these bring blood with wastes,
nutrients, and gases to be filtered in the kidneys.
Uric acid- product of the metabolic breakdown of purine nucleotides
Renin- An enzyme released by the kidneys to regulate blood pressure and
breaks down proteins.
Angiotensin- A hormone that raises blood pressure. Just remember if you’re
tense, your blood pressure risess. :D So chillax.
Arterioles- the smaller version of an artery, like the ipad mini where the ipad
is the artery... *LOL I LOVE THIS ANALOGY.*
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM/ HIGHWAY OF YOUR BODY~
this way or my way... (and vice versa)
Arthropods- aka lobsters, spiders, and creepy thingys
Open circulatory system- the circulatory system in which organs are bathed in
blood. This is not efficient because pressure is not maintained. Present in
insects (GRASSHOOPPAHS~)
Hemocoel: The open space in open circulatory systems in which
blood/hemolymph circulates.
Hemolymph: BLOOD OF THE INSECTS~ (Actually a liquid that
functions like blood in insects and invertebrates)
Closed circulatory system- in humans, blood is continually contained in
vessels, maintaining pressure, note that earthworms have this
Atria- the two top thingys of the heart
Ventricles- the two bottom thingys of the heart,contracts squeezing
blood out
Arteries- carries oxygenated blood away from the heart
Capillaries- very thin vessels where substances can diffuse and
connects arteries and veins(one cell at a time can go through)
Veins- carries deoxygenated blood to the heart
Describing the cycle of the <3:
1. Blood first enters the right atrium through the superior vena cava.
2. The tricuspid valves let the blood into the right ventricle.
3. This blood is then pumped past the semilunar valves into the pulmonary
artery. This blood receives oxygen from the lungs and proceeds to the
pulmonary vein, which travels back to the heart.
4. The blood goes from the left atrium through the bicuspid valves to the
left ventricle into the semilunar valves to the aorta, where the blood is
pumped to the whole body. The walls of the left chamber are more
muscular because it must pump blood to the whole body.
Cardiac cycle- usually complete in a second, it is the whole process of the
beating of the heart (I feel my heart beat to the beat of the drum~~~)
Blood pressure
Erythrocytes/Red blood cells- Circular cells without nuclei that
transport oxygen and carbon dioxide with the help of hemoglobin-- a binding
agent.
Hemoglobin- the iron-containing substance that binds to oxygen to
carry it
Leukocytes/White blood cells- fights off bacteriophages or other harmful
substances
Plasma- fluid portion of blood, carries nutrients. 90% H2O, 10% dissolved
elements like salts, wastes, nutrients.
Lymphatic system- series of vessels that takes interstitial fluid and returns
excess water to the body
Coagulate- Otherwise known as blood clotting.
Platelets- fragments of megakaryocytes, help in blood clotting
Fibrin- the stuff that your scab is made of
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM - LE ARMY OF YOUR BODY, SO
IT’S A FPS GAME ALL OVER AGAIN! (watch the
crashcourse vid on this, it’s helpful.)
Antigen - virus or foreign substance in the body
Antibody- the cells responsible for getting rid of antibodies
teachers.sduhsd.net/wslijk/documents/ImmuneVocab.ppt
^ that thing is a powerpoint
Primary immune system:
● skin
● mucus membrane
Secondary immune response:
● phagocytes and natural killer cells(example T-Cells)
● inflammation
● fever
Specific Immune Response:
● cell-mediated
● humoral
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM- THE REAL PANT PANT
PACER TESTCountercurrent Exchange
-Tracheae
-Spiracles
-Alveoli
-Cuticle
-Stomata- opening on the anterior of the leaf that controls what goes in and
out of the cell (oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water)
-Guard Cells- Basically the “gates” of the stomata. They are located on the
outside of the stomata. They open up when guard cells take up water and
swell up, creating a gap between each other. They close when they shrivel
and shrink. The entry of water is controlled by the pumping of potassium into
the guard cells.
-Transpiration- the loss of water vapor from plants(something similar to
sweating). This creates the force needed for water movement and drawing
water up from the roots. Water molecules move upward throughout the whole
plant when water molecules leaving the xylem attach to other molecules. This
continues to the roots and finally causes soil water to move through the
endodermal cells into the vascular cylinder by osmosis.
Basically an example of cohesion-tension theory
(from the textbook btw)