Download Haploid (__)

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BIOLOGY Genetics Chp 11 (& some 14)
REPRODUCTION: process of producing _________
2 types
1) ASEXUAL--- production of ________ from only _____ parent--- Offspring will be
___________ ______________ to the parent
Advantage:
Disadvantage:
types-- Binary fission--used in ____________ cells-- parent cell ______ into ____ cells
Fragmentation---many small ______ of the adult form into ______ organisms
(starfish, planarian)
Budding----new individual _______ off the original organism
(hydra, yeast)
Parthenogenesis---female creates a viable ______ cell without being _________
(some reptiles)
2) SEXUAL--- production of ________ from the union of _____ parent cells ( ______)
forms a ________
male= _______ Female=__
Germ cells---Somatic cells--Offspring contain the genetic material from _______ parents
Advantage:
Disadvantage:
type--- Fertilization---Every organism has its own chromosome number--** the Chromosome number ________ ________ reflect____________
Human chromosome number is ______(Diploid______ ) Haploid (__)= ___
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Homologous Chromosomes---Karyotype:
Autosomes:
Sex Chromosomes:
Genetic Variations
Very important for a _______________ of individuals --- allows for ________
Made possible due to ___________ reproduction----due to ________
Main Items that contribute to this variation--1) CROSSING OVER---during ___________ when the _______are formed and the
______ is shared. Makes the Homologous chromosomes no longer ___
2) Independent assortment---during ________ and ______ when the ________ and the
________ line-up and then separate---no _____________
each gamete receives 1 chromosome from each of the 23 pairs
2 23 possible combinations within each gamete = _________________
3) Random Fertilization---- any ________ might be fertilized by any _____
possible outcomes 2 23 x 2 23 = __________________
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Genetics : the science of ____________ which studies the mechanisms by which ______
are passed from _________ to __________
Heredity : The ________ of genetic _______ from _________ to ___________
Trait: a genetically determined ______________
Gregor Mendel (1860’s) is considered the ____________
he was a __________ lived in Austria
worked with _________studied their many traits-Pollination:
Self-pollination
cross-pollination—
Hybrid:
He learned that he could __________ the offspring by controlling which
__________ fertilized the female plants
PROBABILITY: the __________ that a __________ event will __________
Examples -Flip 1 coin =what’s the chance of landing on heads?
Flip 2 coins--Chance they both land on heads?
Roll a 3 on a die
Roll 2 dice & both land on 3?
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Roll an 11 on 2 dice ?
Within a population--- if this information is given…
45/ 100 people have type O blood
40/100 people have type A blood
10/100 people have type B blood
5/ 100 people have type AB blood
What’s the chance of a couple being AB & O blood types?
What’s the chance of having the man be type A & the woman type A ?
MENDEL’S PREDICTIONS FROM THE PEA PLANTS
Monohybrid Cross--- (page 269)
Generation:
P generation:
f1 generation (f= filial, latin son/daughter)
Ratio that he found----
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Genetics governed by _____ Principles
1. Principle of ____________& ____________
Dominant trait: _______________________________________
Recessive trait :____________________________________
*The ____________trait will always _________(hide) the _________
*In order for the ____________trait to show through on the offspring _______
parents must ______it to their ____________
Each version of a gene is called an _________________
2. Principle of _____________---1 ______(factor) must come from ____________ & the
other from ___________
3. Principle of ______________ _____________
Every __________(factor) is separate from the other ___
Gene:____________________________________________________
--Each gene controls a particular ___________
--Genes always appear in __________
---Each member of the pair is called an ______________
Your genes determine what you look like on the outside & on the inside.
PHENOTYPE :___________________________________________
GENOTYPE :_____________________________________________
When both _________are the ________ = ________________
When the ___________are __________ = _________________
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PREDICTING the results of a MONOHYBRID cross-- ___ Trait
T = Tall which is ___________ t = Short which is __________
Predict the genotypic & phenotypic ratios for a
TT x tt cross
Genotypes
Homozygous Dominant =____
Heterozygous = _____
Homozygous Recessive = ____
Ratio=
___
___
___
Phenotypes
& ____ are BOTH Tall = ____
= Short _____
Ratio=
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE :__________________________________
CODOMINANCE:__________________________________________________
* there will be ____ Phenotypes
Example --Red flowers=___- White=___ Pink= ____
Cross a Red flower with a pink flower
Phenotypes
Red=___
Pink=____
White=___
Genotypes
RR=___
Rr=_____
rr=____
Polygenic character: _____________________________________________________
examples--- ________ color and ______ color and __________
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Predicting results of a dihybrid cross---_____ traits
* 2 ways to do it---2 Punnett squares or 1 16 square Punnett square
H = Hiker’s thumb
A=attached ears
Show cross between AAHH x AaHh
Phenotypes--4 possible
Attached Hikers=___
Unattached stub=___
Attached stub=____
unattached Hikers=____
Genotypes--9 possible
AAHH
AaHH
aaHH
AAHh
AaHh
aaHh
AAhh
Aahh
aahh
Multiple Alleles: ________________________________
Best example is blood types
Blood type A = _____ or _____
Blood type B = ______ or _____
Blood type AB = ______
Blood type O = _________
Cross dad with type O with mom who is type A & her father is type O
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Many Genetic studies done on ___________:___________
1st to use was __________________
he discovered AUTOSOMES:_________________________
Sex Chromosomes:_______________________________
XX = ______
XY=______--only____can pass the Y
SEX-LINKED traits:____________________________________
examples--color blindness, hemophiliacs
-the trait is only carried on the ____ The Y does ____
- So the trait is passed to the _____by the ______
colorblindness-- _____% males <____females
Cross a color-blind male with a carrier female
**Results determined by question
if how many kids than out of___
if out of males than out of ____
if out of females than out of ___
Hemophiliac---lack blood-clotting protein
Males either have it ____ or they don’t _____
Females can have it _____, not have it_____ carry it____
What % of the kids in a marriage between a man whose mother didn’t have it but his
maternal grandmother did with a woman who is a hemophiliac.
Sex-influenced traits:_______________________________
Example:_______________---- Dominant in ________
--- Recessive in _______
bb--___________
BB-- _______________
Bb--__________________________
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Human genetic traits
In humans there are ____chromosomes= __________genes
there are problems in studying human genes
1.
2.
3.
Some ways we study the human population for genetics are...
1.
2.
3.
Genetic Diseases
Huntington disease--_________trait
--don’t know you have it until ________after ______
Today we have the ________________ so you can be tested when _________ & counseled if
you want to have ________
Sickle –Cell anemia---- found mainly in __________
Errors in Chromosome Sorting--Nondisjunction conditions---___________________________ Polyploidy---one egg with ______ another egg with ______
this can cause an embryo ...
________ 1 too many
________ 1 too less
________ won’t develop
If extra chromosome is in the _____ pair it is _____________
-If extra is in the 23rd pair --- _______ called ____________
If the 23rd pair is missing one ---______ called __________
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Ways we can study embyro before it is born....
1. Karyotype-_______________________________
2. Amniocentesis-_______________________________
3.Fetoscopy-_______________________________
4. Ultrasound-_______________________________
5. Chorion villi sampling-___________________________